evolutionary figures Flashcards
1
Q
plato on evolutionary theory
A
- eidos or theory of forms
- ideal and imperfect worlds
- perfect forms and imperfect manifestations
2
Q
aristotle on evolutionary theory
A
- system of classifications
- graduation of species in terms of complexity
- ladder increasing towards perfection
3
Q
plotinus on evolutionary theory
A
- a single higher transcendent ‘one’
- everything exists in a state of greater or less perfection
4
Q
al-jahiz view on evolutionary theory
A
- translation of aristotle
- struggle for existence
5
Q
ibn khaldun on evolutionary theory
A
- muqaddimah
- different stages of development; abiotic components - plants - animals
- notes similarities and discussed possibility of relationship between primates and humans
6
Q
john ray
A
- pastor naturalist
- classification according to observation
- definition of species through reproductive isolation
7
Q
carolus linnaeus
A
- taxonomy; description and classifications of life forms
- binomial nomenclature and the systema naturae; standardized genus and species names
- type specimen for our species
- systema naturae
8
Q
georges-louis leclerc
A
- regional variation in plants and animals
- environmental factors as agents of change
- greater age of the earth; how could all this variation have arisen in a short time period
9
Q
james ussher
A
- biblical scholar; chronology
- calculated the age of the earth
10
Q
erasmus darwin
A
- idea of a common acestor
- expanses of time
- competition for resources and role of the environment
- zoonomia or ‘the laws of organic life’
11
Q
jean-baptiste lamarck
A
- increasing complexity > environment pushing organism to perfection
- proposed mechanism for evolution
- inheritance of acquired charactersistics
12
Q
james hutton
A
- uniformitarianism; continuity of geological processes
- gradualism; slow and steady change
13
Q
georges cuvier
A
- extinction; fossils from extinct life forms
- Catastrophism; fixity of species
- three racial categories; caucasoid, mongoloid, negroid
14
Q
charles lyell
A
- principles of geology
- consolidated theory of uniformitarianism
- defining geological epochs with fossils
15
Q
thomas malthus
A
- essay on principle of population
- populations can increase in size without limits in place
- population increases are limited by resource availability
- improvement in conditions > increase in population > competition
16
Q
charles darwin
A
- joined expedition on the HMS beagle
- transmutation of species
- descent with modification
- rejected scala naturae hierachy
17
Q
alfred russel wallace
A
- little formal education
-natural selection
18
Q
edward tylor
A
- seperation of evolution and study of culture
- all brains and cognition are equal, accessing different learned information
- culture as the product of historical process
19
Q
samuel morton
A
- father of scientific racism
- attempted to associate skull size with intellect and race
- craniometry as means of assessing these relationships
20
Q
stephen jay gould
A
- the musmeasure of man debate on mortons measurments
21
Q
paul mitchell
A
- PLoS biology
- inherent bias in research aims and conclusions
22
Q
franz boas
A
- plasticity in cranial features
- comparisons between immigrants and their children
- cultural/environmental influences on behaviour
- opponent of scientific racism
- humans NOT well understood through typology
23
Q
francis galton
A
- founded the eugenics society
- improvement by heredity
- removal of undesireables
- nature vs. nurture
24
Q
joseph arthur de gobineau
A
- developed the theory of the aryan master race
- attempted to prove the superiority of nordic peoples
- popular work in the nazi party
