evolutionary explanation

Question 1

what does this mean

Answer 1

The brain is physical structure that has evolved in the face of natural selective pressures. We are not fully aware of all our cognitive processes; which is an issue because our mind has not adapted as rapidly as our social world has.

Question 2

what does male aggression derive from

Answer 2

Male aggression derives from need to acquire and defend resources such as mates or territory or to establish status within social groups.

Question 3

what 2 things is evolution essential for

Answer 3

survival
reproduction

Question 4

what are aggressive men able to do better

Answer 4

compete for food and female attention
leads to reproductive success

Question 5

what does this lead to in terms of females and genes

Answer 5

Females look for males with resources.
Aggressive males more successful.
Therefore, aggressive genes are passed on to subsequent generations.

Question 6

what is sexual jealousy

Answer 6

Male violence against partners motivated by jealousy to ensure own paternity and genetic success.

the emotions and behaviors involved in the perception (real or imagined) that one’s partner is engaging in infidelity (cheating) or may be attracted to other males/females

Question 7

what genders aggression derives from this (u got this gng)

Answer 7

men

Question 8

what are 2 male retention strategies
Buss [1988]

Answer 8

Direct guarding
Negative inducements linked to aggression.

Question 9

what is direct guarding

Answer 9

Involves male watching over a partner’s behavior e.g. checking who they’ve been seeing, coming home early, keeping tabs on their whereabouts, installing tracking apps on their mobiles, etc.

Question 10

what are negative inducements

Answer 10

letting her know the potential consequences of her leaving him (e.g. I’ll kill you/myself/the children if you leave me) which may (and, sadly, inevitably do) lead to physical violence (intimate partner violence, IPV)

Question 11

Inflicting costs on other humans will enhance your survival chances and offer reproductive benefits.

(not rlly a flashcard?)

Question 12

what are inter-sexual negative inducements

Answer 12

focus on the manipulation of one’s partner

Question 13

what are intra- sexual negative inducements

Answer 13

Behaviors aimed at same-sex rivals opposed to one’s partner

Question 14

who made this distinction

Answer 14

Starratt and Shackleford [2010]

Question 15

who studied homicide

Answer 15

Daly and Wilson (1988)

Question 16

what type of study was this (may not use as flashcard up to you dawg)

Answer 16

Used statistics and cultural comparisons

Question 17

what 4 things did they find that homicides occur between men for (most likely to occur between men)

Answer 17

Status or honor
Resources
Perceived slights or respect
To establish dominance

Question 18

what age range are disproportionately involved in homicides

Answer 18

Men in their teens and 20s are the most violent – as they are at peak fertility

Question 19

what did they find in different cultures

Answer 19

Daly and Wilson observed that these patterns of male aggression and homicide rates are consistent across cultures, but specific triggers vary. Where there is resource inequality or weak legal systems, the rates of male aggression and homicides are often higher.

Question 20

who studied how gangs relate to this

Answer 20

Campbell’s (1968)

Question 21

what did Campbell’s (1968) find and how does it link to evolution

Answer 21

work on Gangs suggested that they see status and dominance by securing territory, defend against threats and then competing for mates

Gangs are doing evolutionary and instinctive things
Status / territory / reproduction

Question 22

what percentage of murders are about jealousy

Answer 22

17%

Question 23

who discovered this (think ur laptop g)

Answer 23

Dell [1984]

Question 24

shakelford (2005)- what was the study method

Answer 24

Q 461m and 560f in heterosexual relationships.
Male assessed against how often they performed each of 26 different types of violent acts towards their partners.
Women answered questions about their partner’s use of mate retention strategies
Including the frequency of violence used towards them.

Question 25

findings of this

Answer 25

A positive correlation between two specific retention techniques and the amount of violence they displayed towards their partner
direct guarding
inter-sexual negative inducements
The use of emotional manipulation by men consistently predicted men’s violence against women.

Question 26

Buss and Shackleford (1997)

Answer 26

men use ++ punishment when they suspect cheating

Question 27

whats 2 weaknesses of all evidence

Answer 27

data correlational- cause and effect?
cipline is sceptical of this evidence. This is because there is not enough evidence to establish a direct cause and effect relationship here. There is the potential for a host of intervening variables, and this makes it less credible as a body of evidence.
people may make generalisations about human beh

evidence based on questionnaires- Respondents may underreport aggressive behaviors or overreport socially acceptable behaviors to present themselves in a better light, leading to inaccurate data as they may be scared of potential consequences

Question 28

strengths (2)

Answer 28

there is research supporting the link between sexual jealousy and aggression. The
main example of this would be Shackleford’s 2005 study which found that male retention
strategies are a method of expressing sexual jealousy, which leads to aggressive behaviour both
towards females and other partners. This increases the reliability of evolutionary theories as a
method of explaining aggression, due to this supporting evidence.

extensive empirical data, including homicide records, to back their claims. This empirical approach lends credibility to their conclusions by grounding them in real-world observations. shows its universal and can be generalized to other cultures so allows for predictions about when and why aggression is likely to occur