Evolutionary Biology Flashcards
1
Q
coined the term evolution
A
Herbert Spencer
2
Q
e means
A
out
3
Q
volvere means
A
to roll or unfold
4
Q
change through time
represent any change in physical or biological world
A
Evolution
5
Q
process of gradual changes in organisms to form more and more complex forms
A
Evolutionary biology
6
Q
Descent with modification
A
Darwin
7
Q
Study of history evolution of newer and more complex forms
A
Theodor Dobzhansky
8
Q
introduces by Ernst Mayr (1970)
organic evolution or biological evolution
all life on earth shares a common ancestors
A
Bioevolution or evolutionary biology
9
Q
illustrates change with inheritance over a small number of years
A
Genealogy
10
Q
process continuity of life with constant modifications
A
Biological evolution or organic evolution
11
Q
change in response to the changing environmental conditions
A
Adaptation or adaptability
12
Q
formation of several new species from one ancestral species
A
Divergent evolution
13
Q
organisms from distantly related groups develop common features
A
Convergent evolution
14
Q
different species of organisms tend to merge through a series of intermediate stages or grades
A
Intergradation
15
Q
Theory of aquatic or marine origin of life
A
Thales
16
Q
earliest evolutionist by Osborn (1894)
living beings have arisen from a primordial fluid or slime
mud dried
A
Anaximander
17
Q
fossils are remains of organisms that lived in the past
A
Xenophanes
18
Q
father of evolutionary idea
spontaneous generation
evolutions of animals was series of attempts by nature to produce more perfect forms
A
Empedocles
19
Q
the greatest investigator
living things were animated by a vital force or guiding intelligence
A
Aristotle
20
Q
sequence of increasing complrxity
A
ladder of life
21
Q
external mystical source
A
external teleology
22
Q
develops from the process itself
A
internal teleology
23
Q
plants appeared before animals and humans appeared last of all
A
Epicurus and Soretium
24
Q
reviewed the aristotelian idea
variations as being the cause for the origin of new species from the old ones
A
Francis Bacon
25
dutch scientist
preformation theory
Jan Swammerdam
26
Ova or sperm cells contain a miniature of adult called homunculus
Preformation theory
27
discarded preformation theory
studied chick embryo
division of one cell
Caspar Friedrich Wolff
28
an embryo develops by the gradual differentiation of undifferentiated simple tissues into organs
Wolff's Theory of Epigenesis
29
nature and formation of fossils
terrestrial forms have evolved from the marine forms which were trapped in marshes
birds from flying fish, men and women from merman and mermaid
Benoit de Maillet
30
first propose a general theory of evolution
transmitted through maternal and paternal sides of the family
acquired characteristics
natural selection and isolation of speciation
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
31
Emboitement Theory or Encasement Theory
initial member of a species encapsulates within it then preformed germs of all future generations
Charles Bonnet
32
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
33
inheritance of acquired characteristics and direct effect of the environment on the structural modifications of organisms
Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon
34
volcanic activities bring magma up from Earth's molten interior
James Hutton
35
Grandfather of Charles Robert Darwin
inheritance of acquired characters
theory elaborated by Lamarck in the year 1809
Erasmus Darwin
36
lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characters- influence of environment on living beings
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
37
modern supporter of Lamarckism
Lysenko
38
explain differences in the past and present forms of life and sharp discontinuities in the fossil records
Theory of Catastrophism
39
chief advocates of the theory of catastrophism
Geroge Cuvier and Orbigne
40
Father of Paleontology and comparative anatomy
Cuvier
41
life has ever been in existence in the form as its exists today and will continue to be so forever
Theory of Eternity of Life
42
Slowly acting geological forces result in the formation of fossil bearing rock strata
Theory of Uniformitarianism
43
each and every cell produces minute primordia called gemmules or pangene
Theory of Pangenesis
44
there is always a contest among men/males
Theory of sexual selection
45
producing new varieties
new races could be developed
Artificial selection
46
proposed that the cytoplasm of the
the animal body is differentiated into somatoplasm and germplasm.
August Weismann (1892)
47
present in the germ cells only and which is passed on to the offspring
Germplasm
48
the protoplasm forming remainder of the body
that plays no role in heredity.
Somatoplasm
49
Situated in the germplasm are minute complex structures known as
Determinants
50
The characteristics of the organisms are represented in the determinants in the form of
minute physiological units
Determiners
51
suggested that variations
which are important for evolution are sudden and large, which he called mutations or saltations
Hugo de Vries
52
proposed that 'Ontogeny recapitulates
phylogeny’, wherein the development of the organism’s embryo and young repeats or traces the evolutionary history of the race, condensing some stages and eliminating the others.
Ernst Haeckel
53
theory suggesting that successive members of an evolutionary series become increasingly modified in a single undeviating direction, guided by some undefined or inherent mystical force
Theory of Orthogenesis
54
believed in the presence of some mystical principle of progressive development in the living organisms which brings about the
particular specialization. The theory is merely mythical and has no scientific
basis
Karl Von Naegeli
55
believed that lines of evolution are determined by laws of organic growth, aided by inheritance of acquired characters , and proceed in
specific direction
Theodor Eimar
56
Also known as the Migration Theory, it emphasized the role of isolation in evolution and was first proposed by Moritz Wagner.
Isolation Theory
57
Modern evolutionary theory has its foundation in the Evolutionary Synthesis or Modern Synthesis that is formulated on the
basis of contributions from Genetics, Systematics and Palaeontology.
It was named
Neo-Darwinian Theory
58
Five basic processes of synthetic theory
1. Gene mutations
2. Changes in chromosome number
3. Genetic recombination
4. Natural selection
5. Reproductive isolation
59
Three accessory processes that contribute to the evolutionary phenomenon
1. Migration
2. Hybridization
3. Chance in small populations
60
includes changes in the frequency of genes in a population from one generation to the next.
It includes changes within a single population.
Small-scale Evolution
61
includes the descent of
different species from a common ancestor over many generations. It operates above species level and leads to the evolution of lineages.
Large-scale Evolution
62
Major Unsolved Problems of Evolution
Origin of Life
Origin of Sex
Origin of Phyla
Cause of Mass Extinction
63
reveals that the structure of body organs may
be similar or different depending on their function. Presence of basic
structural and functional similarities in the organ systems of organisms
indicates their common ancestry.
Comparative study of morphology and anatomy
64
are different in appearance and
perform different functions but are built on the same basic pattern and have a common origin (same source).
Homologous Organs
65
Levels of homology in species
1. Genetic homology
2. Developmental homology
3. Structural homology
66
is the most fundamental. It exists in:
▫ Similarity in the DNA sequences found in different species
▫ Existence of universal genetic code, the same 64 codons specify
the same amino acids from bacteria to man
▫ Similarity in the structure of plasma membrane
▫ Similarity in the mechanism of transcription and translation via
same RNA polymerase
▫ Use of ATP as energy currency
▫ Similarity in the mechanism of DNA replication via DNA
polymerase
Genetic homology
67
is seen in the overall process of
development, form of the embryos of different groups and fate of particular embryonic tissues or organs.
Developmental Homology
68
are similarities in adult morphology in
organisms of different groups and are the results of homologous genes
Structural homologies
69
Other examples of Homology
Homology in Insect Mouthparts
Homology in Insect legs
Homology in Plant parts
70
is similarity among animals or among plants of different species. Ex: homology in the hand of man and forelimbs of horse and bat)
Phylogenetic homology
71
is parallelism in the male and female reproductive organs of the same
species.
Sexual homology
72
has been observed among invertebrates . All arthropods have segmented body with an exoskeleton of chitin. The exoskeleton is constructed on the same basic pattern in all the classes of Phylum Arthropoda. In crustaceans, all the segments of body carry paired jointed appendages. All of them are constructed on a
common structural plan, consisting of a basal two-segmented portion, the protopodite
(coxa and basis) which bears two lateral outgrowths , the exopodite and endopodite. The appendages of various body segments perform different functions and accordingly
exhibit modifications in the basic structural plan.
Serial homology
73
is similarity in the biomolecules, such as DNA, the genetic material found from viruses to man
Molecular homology
74
have almost similar appearance and perform the same function but they develop
independently in totally different groups through parallel evolution and are not inherited from a common ancestor
Analogous or Homoplasious organs
75
* have the same basic structural plan.
* are found in closely related organisms which arise from some common
ancestor.
* differ in appearance.
* are modified to carry out different functions.
* have different internal structure.
* lead to adaptive divergence or divergent evolution.
Homologous organs
76
* have totally different structural plans.
* are found in totally unrelated organisms.
* have similar appearance.
* develop to carry out the same function.
* have similar internal structure.
* lead to convergent evolution or adaptive convergence.
Analogous Organs
77
Study of evolution of different plant and animal groups reveals the phenomenon of adaptive divergence and adaptive convergence influenced by environmental or habitat differences or similarities
Adaptive Divergence and Adaptive Convergence
78
-Organisms of the same or closely
related groups when occupy different habitats, they assume different appearances and their
homologous structures exhibit great divergence in the form and function.
- leads to adaptive radiation. It is evolution in several specialized directions from
a common generalized ancestral form .
Adaptive Divergence
79
Organisms of distantly related
or totally unrelated groups are found to develop similar adaptations, while living in the same or similar habitat. Their analogous structures, though apparently similar are constructed on different basic plans
Adaptive convergence
80
observance trait or characteristics
Phenotype
81
any genetic code "like library"
Gene
82
collection of genes
Genome
83
graphical summary of a phylogeny
relatedness of organisms
Phylogenetic tree
84
one region of genes
locus
85
changes imposed on organisms
Evolution
86
microorganisms resistance to certain antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance
87
due to the separation of parental species
Speciation
88
separated and obtained adaptation
Divergent evolution
89
related with one ancestor
Common descent
90
assumption whether it is true or not
Hypothesis
91
first cell ever generated
protocells
92
any attribute of an organism that can provide insights into history
Character
93
most common ancestral character state (ALL)
Plesiomorphy
94
Different than ancestral state or derived state
Apomorphy
95
derived character that is shared by two or more taxa
Synapomorphy
96
uniquely derived character state
Autapomorphy
97
organism acquired characteristics independently
Homoplasy
98
all f the same descendants of a common ancestor
Monophyletic
99
some, but not all descendants
Paraphyletic
100
basis of homoplasious, not closely related
Polyphyletic
101
shared character between two DNA sequences or taxa
Homologous
102
shared character evolved differently
Homoplasy
103
Independent evolution of same feature from same ancestral condition
Parallel evolution
104
independent evolution of same feature from different ancestral condition
Convergent
105
reversion to ancestral condition
Secondary toss
