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Campbell's Biology > Evolution, the Themes of biology > Flashcards

Evolution, the Themes of biology Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

Study of life

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2
Q

What are 5 unifying themes that helps to think about life?

A

Organisation
Information
Energy and Matter
Interactions
Evolution

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3
Q

Biosphere

A

The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists

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4
Q

What does an ecosystem consist?

A

An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light.

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5
Q

What is a biological community?

A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem is called a biological community.

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6
Q

What is a population

A

A population consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other.

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7
Q

What are organisms?

A

Individual living things are called organisms.

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8
Q

System biology

A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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9
Q

An organ?

A

a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body.

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10
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Each tissue is a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function.

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11
Q

What does epidermis help with for plants to conduct photosynthesis?

A

The epidermis is the skin tissue of a leaf. The pores through the epidermis allow entry of the gas CO2, a raw material for sugar production

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12
Q

What are organelles and their examples?

A

Chloroplasts are examples of organelles, the various functional components present in cells.

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13
Q

What are molecules?

A

A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms,

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14
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll is the pigment that makes a leaf green, and it absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis.

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15
Q

When was the cell theory developed?

A

It was developed in the 1800s

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16
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

The theory states that all living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life.

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17
Q

What are the two forms of cells?

A

we distinguish two main forms of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

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18
Q

Where are prokaryotic cells found?

A

Prokaryotic cells are found in two groups of unicellular organisms, bacteria and archaea

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19
Q

Singular for bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacterium and archaeon

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20
Q

Where can we find eukaryotic cells?

A

All other lifeforms, including plants and animals, are composed of eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

A eukaryotic cell contains membrane-enclosed organelles

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22
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell lack of? in size perspective as well

A

prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus or other membraneenclosed organelles. Furthermore, prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

DNA full form

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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24
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

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25
Q

What is a newt

A

a small slender-bodied amphibian with lungs and a well-developed tail, typically spending its adult life on land and returning to water to breed.

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26
Q

What does each chromosome contain?

A

Each chromosome contains one very long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes

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27
Q

What are genes?

A

Transmitted from parents to offspring, genes are the units of inheritance. They encode the information necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, which in turn establish that cell’s identity and function.

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28
Q

What is a DNA molecule made up of?

A

A DNA molecule is made up of two long chains, called strands, arranged in a double helix.

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29
Q

What are nucleotides and what makes up the chains of DNA?

A

Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides, abbreviated A, T, C, and G.

30
Q

What do the nucleotides do?

A

Specific sequences of these four nucleotides encode the information in genes.

31
Q

In genes, what does the sequences provide?

A

For many genes, the sequence provides the blueprint for making a protein.

32
Q

How does the protein production work in protein production genes

A

Protein encoding genes control protein production indirectly, using a related molecule called RNA as an intermediary.

33
Q

What is RNA

A

RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is made up of nucleotides, RNA converts that DNA genetic code into proteins to carry out cellular functions.

34
Q

what is mRNA and a ribosome

A

mRNA (messenger RNA) is RNA that is read by ribosomes to build proteins. While there are multiple types of RNA, the mRNA acts as the messenger. A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids

35
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product is called gene expression

36
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.

37
Q

How can lens cells focus light?

A

Lens cells are tightly packed with transparent proteins called crystallin

38
Q

How does a lens use information in the DNA to make crystallin proteins

A

The gene inside the long strand of dna have the genetic information to make crystallin, Using the information in the sequence of DNA nucleotides, the cell makes (transcribes) a specific RNA molecule called mRNA. The cell translates the information in the sequence of mRNA nucleotides to make a protein, a series of linked amino acids. The chain of amino acids folds into the specific shape of a crystallin protein. Crystallin proteins can then pack together and focus light, allowing the eye to see.

39
Q

What is genomics?

A

esearchers study whole sets of genes (or other DNA) in one or more species—an approach called genomics.

40
Q

What is proteomics?

A

the term proteomics refers to the study of sets of proteins and their properties.

41
Q

What makes life possible and why is energy important for life

A

Moving, growing, reproducing, and the various cellular activities of life are work, and work requires energy. The input of energy, primarily from the sun, and the transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible

42
Q

What is a consumer?

A

Aconsumer is an organism that feeds on other organisms or their remains.

43
Q

How is energy lost to our surroundings when doing actions?

A

When an organism uses chemical energy to perform work, such as muscle contraction or cell division, some of that energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.

44
Q

Explain how energy flows in one direction

A

As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, usually entering as light and exiting as heat.

45
Q

What is feedback regulation?

A

Feedback regulation is a process in which the output of a system influences its own input, leading to self-correction and maintenance of a desired state.

46
Q

What is a negative feedback?

A

a loop in which the response reduces the initial
stimulus.

47
Q

Explain negative feedback through insulin production and glucose levels

A

A high blood glucose level
stimulates cells in the pancreas
to secrete insulin into the blood.
Insulin producing cell adds insulin into the main bloodstream which gets circulated around the body.
Insulin binds to body cells and tells them to take up glucose and liver cells to store glucose. This lowers the glucose levels in the blood.
The lowered blood glucose
level does not stimulate
secretion of insulin.

48
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

positive feedback, in which an end product speeds up
its own production.

49
Q

What is climate change?

A

a directional change to the global climate that lasts
for three decades or more (as opposed to short-term changes
in the weather).

50
Q

What is evolution?

A

The scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of
organisms is evolution: a process of biological change in
which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as
they adapt to different environments over time.

51
Q

How did we name different species?

A

Each species is given a two-part name: The first part is the name of the genus (plural, genera) to which the species belongs, and the
second part is unique to the species within the genus. (For
example, Homo sapiens is the name of our species.)

52
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

53
Q

What do bacteria and archaea have in common?

A

Two of the three domains—Bacteria and Archaea—
consist of single-celled prokaryotic organisms.

54
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are organisms with eukrayotic cells.

55
Q

What subgroups does the domain Eukaryotes have?

A

kingdom Plantae, kingdom Fungi, kingdom Animalia, and the protists.

56
Q

What book did Charles Darwin publish?

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

57
Q

What was “descent with modification”

A

The first point was that, as species adapt to different environments
over time, they accumulate differences from their ancestors.

58
Q

What was Darwin’s Second main point in his famous book?

A

Darwin’s second main point was his proposal that “natural selection” is a primary cause of descent with modification.

59
Q

What were the three traits darwin observed of nature to reach to his theories?

A

First, individuals in a population vary in their traits,
many of which seem to be heritable (passed on from parents
to offspring). Second, a population can produce far more
offspring than can survive to produce offspring of their
own. With more individuals than the environment is able
to support, competition is inevitable. Third, species generally
are suited to their environments—in other words, they
are adapted to their circumstances.

60
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin, and it is now regarded as be the main process that brings about evolution.

61
Q

What is data?

A

Recorded observations are called
data.

62
Q

What is qualititive?

A

qualitative, often in the form of recorded
descriptions rather than numerical measurements.

63
Q

What is quantative data usually expressed as?

A

Quantitative data are generally expressed as numerical measurements and
often organized into tables and graphs.

64
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning is a type of logical reasoning where you draw general conclusions from specific observations or examples. It’s often used in scientific research and everyday life.

65
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a hypothesis is an explanation, based on
observations and assumptions,

66
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

deductive reasoning involves logic that
flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the
specific.

67
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The way that researchers answer questions about the
natural and physical world is often idealized as the
scientific method.

68
Q

What is a variable?

A

a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment.

69
Q

Give the hierarchy of life

A

The hierarchy of life unfolds as follows:
biosphere > ecosystem > community > population
> organism > organ system > organ >
tissue > cell > organelle > molecule > atom.

70
Q

What is feedback regulation?

A

In feedback regulation, a process
is regulated by its output or end
product.

Campbell's Biology (3 decks)

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