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Bio 182 > Evolution/Taxonomy/Earts Begining > Flashcards

Evolution/Taxonomy/Earts Begining Flashcards

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1
Q

What is modern synthesis?

A

Relationship between GENETICS and EVOLUTION.

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2
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Broader scale evolutionary changes. Usually ABOVE the species level.

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3
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Relatively small generation-generation changes in alleles or genotype frequency within a population.

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4
Q

What are the FIVE processes of microevolution?

A
  1. non-random mating 2. mutation 3. genetic drift 4. gene flow 5. natural selection
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5
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

When an organism chooses their mate based on some qualification. Mating more often with close neighbors.

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6
Q

What are the effects of non-random mating?

A

The offspring are more likely to be genetically similar.

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7
Q

What is a mutation and how does it effect a population?

A

Changes in genes. This creates genetic variation in a population. If the change is expressed in the phenotype it can be harmful. Most mutations are not harmful.

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8
Q

What is genetic drift? What are the two types?

A

RANDOM evolutionary changes in a population that affect the allele frequency. Founders Effect and Bottlenecks are two examples.

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9
Q

What is the founders effect?

A

When are few indificuals from a LARGE population leave and form a SEPARATE, SMALL population and just breed amongst themselves, limiting their gene pool. No new genetic variation enters in. The larger population breeds and passes on a bunch of genetic variation. These variations do not enter the smaller population. Example is Tay Sachs disease among a group of Jewish people because they only mate with each other (non-random).

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10
Q

What is bottleneck?

A

When a population RAPIDLY and SEVERELY decreases due to disease, exploitation, natural disaster, sudden environmental changes. Ex: a volcano exploding. A meteor hitting earth.

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11
Q

What is gene flow?

A

THINK MIGRATION OF GENETICS: Variation is INCREASED within a population because another populations genetics are somehow brought into their gene pool.

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12
Q

What is an example of gene flow?

A

THINK MIGRATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL. A bird bringing pollen from a flower populations hundreds of miles away to a new flower population; it then pollinates the flowers there with the other genetic material, thus increasing the genetic variation in that population. THINK MIGRATION.

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13
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Members of a population that are better adapted to the environment are more likely to pass on their genetic material to the next generation. They have greater FITNESS. Leads to ADAPTIVE EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.

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14
Q

Name the three types of natural selection:

A

Stabalizing; directional; disruptive. This is adaptive evolution.

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15
Q

What is stabalizing natural selection?

A

Natural selection favors an average phenotype, SELECTING AGAINST EXTREMES. Ex: brown mice in a brown field will survive better than the white and black mice.

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16
Q

What is directional natural selection?

A

A shift in the populations genetic variability towards a new more fit phenotype, maybe because their environment changes. Example: The environment where the brown mice thrived is now much darker, so the black mice become favored over the brown and white mice.

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17
Q

What is disruptive/diversifying natural selection?

A

2 or more distinctive phenotypes can have advantages for natural selection while the middle phenotype is on average less fit. Example: Alpha Lions and Sleek lions get to mate more often than medium sized lions.

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18
Q

What is adaptive evolution?

A

An increase in alleles that are BENEFICIAL to the organism, increasing it’s fitness. A DECREASE in nonbeneficial alleles. This is part of natural selection directional, stabalizing, and disruptive types.

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19
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

the rate at which specific alleles appear in a population.

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20
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

Uses phenotype frequencies to calculate the expected genotype frequency and alleles in sexually reproducing populations.

21
Q

What 5 conditions have to exist for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  1. random mating 2. no net mutations 3. large population size 4. no migration 5. no natural selection.
22
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg equation?

A

p^2+2pq+a^2; square root your total dominant and recessive alleles to find p and q.

23
Q

What do the variables in the Hardy Weinberg equation stand for?

A

p= dominant alleles and q= recessive alleles. To find q: add number of small recessive alleles and then put that number over the total number of alleles and divide. Q goes on top. DO NOT SQUARE THIS NUMBER. This is the number you will put ^2.

24
Q

Why do we begin with recessive phenotypes when counting alleles in the Hardy Weinberg equation?

A

Because we can see recessive phenotypes and can count them up. We then subtract them from our total amount and that leaves us with our dominant alleles.

25
Q

Who is Linneaus?

A

He invented taxonomy which is classifying species on their phenotype. We can no add to this classifying their DNA.

26
Q

What is morphological species concept?

A

Classification of plants and organisms into separate species based on their VISIBILE STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES. Example: featherless, number of flower petals, etc.

27
Q

What is Biological Species Concept?

A
28
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

A population is declared a SEPARATE SPECIES if it has evolved long enough for statistically significant difference in diagnostic traits. They can no longer mate with an organism once thought to be of the same species.

29
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap.

30
Q

What are the TWO TYPES of reproductive isolation barriers?

A

Prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers.

31
Q

What are the five prezygotic barriers in reproductive isolation?

A
  1. temporal isolation 2. mechanical isolation 3. habitat isolation 4. behavioral isolation 5. gametic isolation
32
Q

What is temporal isolation in prezyogtic barriers?

A

The organisms mate at different times of day so never cross paths.

33
Q

What is the mechanical isolation in prezygotic barriers?

A

Their breeding parts don’t match up.

34
Q

What is the habitat isolation in prezygotic barriers?

A

They live in different parts of the same habitat so never meet up.

35
Q

What is the behavioral isolation in prezygotic barriers?

A

One organism prefers a different sexy dance that another organism is doing. Basically, sexual reproduction ritual likes don’t match up.

36
Q

What is gametic isolation in prezygotic barriers?

A

Mating does take place, but molecular and chemical difference prevent fertilization. Example: egg and sperm are from two different species.

37
Q

What are postzygotic barriers in reproduction isolation?

A

The organisms are able to mate despite their prezygotic barriers BUT poztzygotic barriers prevent an embryo from forming. HOWEVER, sometimes hybrids happen. Example: mules from horses and donkeys. But the mules are sterile, so they can’t create their own species so to speak.

38
Q

What are the two types of speciation?

A

Allopatric and sympatric

39
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Two fo the same species have become isolated; no more gene flow; species evolve through natural selection or genetic drift. USUALLY ANIMALS.

40
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Speciation between two populations who live in the same geographic location. Occurs when reproductive isolating measures evolve at start of speciation process. COMMON IN PLANTS.

41
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Having more than 2 sets of chromosomes. Common in plants.

42
Q

What are the two types of polyploidy?

A

Alloploidy and autoploidy.

43
Q

What is autoploidy?

A

Chromosomes derived some a SINGLE SPECIES.

44
Q

What is alloploidy?

A

Chromosomes derived from TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES. This provides a mechanism for rapid speciation.

45
Q

What is a hybrid zone?

A

If diverging populations come into secondary contact with each other and mate before barriers can arise, they have FERTILE OFFSPRING.

46
Q

What are the THREE THINGS that can happen in the hybrid zone?

A

Reinforcement; fusion; stability. Remember those funky arrows.

47
Q

What happens in hybrid zone reinforcement?

A

HYBRID DOESN’T SUCCEED the original populations stop making them. 2 different populations produce a hybrid and they are not as viable and can’t compete with the original populations; eventually a barrier arises and prevents the original populations to stop mating and having hybrids.

48
Q

What happens in hybrid zone fusion?

A

The hybrid is MORE SUCCESSFUL than the original populations.

49
Q

What happens in hybrid zone stability?

A

Barriers remain the same; hybrids are fit, original population are fit; hybridization continues.

Bio 182 (1 decks)

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