Evolution Review Flashcards
Species
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Fitness
Measure of ability to survive and reproduce more
Convergent evolution
The independent evolution of similar features in species or different periods in time
Divergent evolution
A common ancestor
Coevolution
The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
Bottleneck Effect
A lowering in a population’s gene pool because of an environmental, or human caused change
Founder Effect
The reduction of a genotypic variety because a small group removed itself from a larger group
Christopher Columbus
Gene pool
All possible alleles in a population
Biochemical evidence
Anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography, fossils, and amino acids
Speciation
The formation of a new species
Genetic Drift
The change in genetic variety in a small population randomly
Directional Selection
A shift
Stabilizing selection
Skinnier
Disruptive Selection
Large fluctuation in genotype frequency
Leads to speciation
Heterozygote advantage
When heterozygotes have a higher relative fitness
Pre-zygotic barriers
Behavioral, Temporal, Habitat, Mechanical
Post-zygotic barriers
Inability to reproduce, weak species, and genetic incompatibility
Homologous structures
Physical features that look the same but serve an entirely different purpose
Analogous structures
Features that are similar in purpose but not appearance
Vestigial structures
Structures that are remnants of something previously useful to a species
Geographic isolation
A geographic barrier that separates the species
Temporal Isolation
Different mating times
Habitat Isolation
Differing habitats
Behavioral isolation
Differing behaviors
p^2
dominant genotype frequency
p
dominant allele frequency
q^2
recessive genotype frquency
q
recessive allele frequency
2 pq
heterozygous genotype frequency
Variation
Differences in species
- Mutations 2. Gene flow 3. Meiosis - Crossing over/independent assortment 4. Random fertilization
Charles Linnaeus
Taxonomy- grouping organisms together by traits
Binomial nomenclature- two terms to name a species
George Cuvier
Paleontology- study of fossils
Hutton (James)
Gradualism- change occurs slowly over time
Charles Lyell
Uniformitarism- If it happens now, it happened in the past
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
“First truly cohesive theory of biology”
Use/disuse- animals acquire traits after using physical characteristics constantly
Acquired inheritance- organism could acquire and pass traits to their kids
Thomas Malthus
Principle of population- the population will be kept in check by famine, starvation, and disease
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection
Fitness
The Origins of Species
4 Tenements of Natural Selection
- Overpopulation- more will be born than survive
- Variations- people in a group are different from one another
- Adaptions - some variations result in better chances of living
- Descent/modification- offspring with better genes will make up a majority of the population
Who adapts and evolves?
Individuals do not adapt or evolve, populations do.
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
When no evolution is taking place in a population
Mathematical way to determine the frequency of alleles in a population
