Evolution of Pharmacy Flashcards by Cybelle Alejandre

Before the Dawn of History - Belief

Sickness caused by evil forces
Punishment from the gods

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Before the Dawn of History - Remedies

Offer sacrifices like food and prayers
Use of natural resources like plants, mud, animals and minerals.

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Earliest known record of practice
of the art of the apothecary

Ancient Babylon

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Practitioners in Ancient Babylon

priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one

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record of the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods

Clay tablets of Mesopotamia (800 tablets)

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Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics

Shen Nung

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Book Shen Nung wrote

Pen T’sao (The Botanical Basis of Pharmacy)

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A Taoist & natural philosopher

Lao Tzu

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Book by Lao Tzu

The Way

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Lao Tzu’s Concept

Qi (energy) – balanced of Yin & Yang

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Oldest, best known and most important pharmaceutical record

Papyrus Ebers

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Papyrus Ebers

21 yards (60 ft) long, contains 800 Rx mentioning 700 drugs

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creation of medicines by God

Book of Sirach

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myrrh as astringent, carminative and protectant

Genesis

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olibanum (frankinscence)

Exodus

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One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnos hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries

Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)

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Father of Medicine

Hippocrates

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Father of Botany

Theophrastus

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Father of Toxicology

Mithridates VI

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Father of Pharmacology

De Materia Medica

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Mithridates’ famed formula of alleged pan-antidotal powers

Mithridatum

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First Pharmacist/Botanist

Claudius Galen

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Class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means

Galenicals

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The Apothecary

Damian

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The physician

Cosmas

patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine

Damian and Cosmas

Separated the arts of apothecary and physician

The Arabs

Issued by Frederick II, head of the Holy Roman Empire

Magna Carta of 1240

The First Official Pharmacopoeia where

Florence, Italy

The First Official Pharmacopoeia name

Nuovo Receptario

digitalis, digoxin

William Withering

Karl Scheele

arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids

Edward Jenner

eradication of small pox

Bernard Courtois

– iodine in algae, bromine (sea water)

Henri Moissan

flourine by electrolytic methods

Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier

quinine, caffeine

Pierre Robiquet

codeine

Frederick Serturner

morphine

Johannes Buchner

salicin from willow bark, nicotine from tobacco; aspirin and nicotinic acid production

Rudolf Brandes & Philipp Geiger–

hyoscyamine and atropine

Paul Ehrlich

Arsphenamine – syphilis

Frederick Banting & Charles Best

insulin

Gerhardt Domagk

Prontosil (Sulfa drug), for hemolytic streptococci

Alexander Fleming

penicillin

Selman Waksman

streptomycin & neomycin

Jonas Salk

injectable vaccine for polio

Albert Sabin

oral vaccine for polio

The Shakers-

A religious sect who cultivated herbs and supplied medicinal herbs around the world

William Procter Jr.

Father of American Pharmacy

Jonathan Roberts

first hospital pharmacist

John Morgan

advocated for prescription writing

Andrew Craigie

America’s first Apothecary General; developed wholesaling and manufacturing business of drugs.

Stanislas Limousin

introduced the use of medicine dropper; developed the apparatus for the administration of oxygen; invented glass ampules.

Ernest Francois Auguste Forneau

developed chemotherapy

USP

was approved as book of standards in 1820

Relied on using plants (herbs), rituals or chants, and traditional methods of healing such as ”hilot” or massage

Albularyo / Arbularyo / Herbolaryo

unqualified persons, allowed only to dispense simple medicines but not to compound Rx.

Botiquines

trained by foreign RPh , passed an examination conducted by the government and further issued a license.

Farmaceutico de segunda clase

Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios

first to make a written record of his findings on plants

Father of Philippine Pharmacy

Don Leon Ma. Guerrero

Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, OP

devoted his time studying medicinal plants for the sick

Fr. Manual Blanco, OSA

authored Flora de Filipinas, a listing of some local medicinal plants

Botica Boie

First drugstore in the Philippines (1830)