Evolution of Management and Organizational Theory

Question 1

Pre industrial

Answer 1

Pre-industrial societies were primarily agricultural and rural, characterized by limited technology and low production of goods.

Question 2

Factors about pre industrial societies

Answer 2

1.Biased against management
2.Ruling class perceived work, commerce, and trade as undignified
3.Work was done by slaves
4.Individuals were bound to their stations for life
5.Rules were not questions
6.Profit making was not favorably viewed by the ruling class
7.Money should be made by conquering

Question 3

Management Theory
during Pre-Industrial
Societies

Answer 3

1.Sporadic, Widely scattered
2.Span of Control discussed by
Egyptians
3.Socrates discussed leadership
4. Plato described work
specialization

Question 4

Agrarian

Answer 4

Agrarian refers to anything related to the cultivation of land, farming, or agriculture

Question 5

Factors about agrarian

Answer 5

1.Farm/home was the focus of the work
2. Followed in the footsteps of parent
3. Craftwork was prevalent
4.Land meant wealth

Question 6

Classical Management

Answer 6

A set of theories and principles of management that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question 7

Factors about classical Management

Answer 7

1.Two stages of industrialization
2.Development of an industrial infrastructure
3.Nationwide Transportation System
4. Source of cheap power
5.Technological innovations
6.Modern Communications
7. Networked Financial Institutions
8. Educated Labor Force
9.Creation of capital goods sector

Question 8

Administrative Theory

Answer 8

The study and analysis of the principles, processes, and functions of administration in organizations, particularly in the context of public administration.

Question 9

Who invented Administrative Theory

Answer 9

Henri Fayol, a French Mining Engineer

Question 10

Factors about administrative theory

Answer 10

Henri Fayol (Five Functions of Management)
1.Division of Work
2.Authority and Responsibility
3.Unity of Command
4.Renumeration
5.Espirit de Corps
Much of knowledge of
organizational structure came from this theory

Question 10

Scientific Management

Answer 10

Also known as Taylorism, is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. It aims to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.

Question 11

Who invented scientific management

Answer 11

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Question 12

Factors about scientific management

Answer 12

Four basic tenets (Frederick
Taylor):
1.Develop one best way to do each job
1. Select the best individual for the position
2.Ensure the work is carried out in
prescribed fashion (training and
increased wages as the carrot).
3.Divide work among employees so
that activities such as planning,
organizing, and controlling are the
prime responsibilities of managers

Question 13

Factors about structuralist School

Answer 13

Ideal Organization (Max
Weber), the Bureaucracy:
1.Rules and procedures control organizational function
2. High degree of differentiation exists between function
3.Hierarchy used for reporting
4.Rules and norms regulate behavior
5.Ownership and administration are
separate
6.Administrative acts are recorded in writing

Question 14

Who invented Neoclassical theory

Answer 14

Neoclassical economics emerged as a theory in the late 19th century, based on the works of William Stanley Jevons

Question 15

Factors about neoclassical theory

Answer 15

1.Pointed out harmful effects of trying to standardize people
2.Studies showed the impact coworkers (rather than economic incentives) could have on productivity
3.Social considerations began receiving attention
4. Management must help satisfy needs and desires
5.Two sources - Sociologists (Human
Relations) and psychologists (Behavioral)

Question 16

Who invented human relation school

Answer 16

The Human Relations School of management is attributed to Elton Mayo. Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist who conducted the Hawthorne Experiments

Question 17

Factors about human relation school

Answer 17

Hawthorne Experiments
1.Regardless what the researchers
did, productivity went up
2.High morale was noticed
3.Informal organization important
4. First work that put the human factor at the center of their work

Question 18

Who invented behavioral school

Answer 18

John B. Watson2 is credited with popularizing the scientific theory of behaviorism. By advocating the study of observable behaviors and shunning subjective mental processes

Question 19

Factors about behavioral school

Answer 19

Bases for education today
1. Human behavior based on orientation to personal growth, accomplishment, and inner development
2.Jobs must provide the
opportunity to develop
themselves

Question 20

Post industrial

Answer 20

Post-industrial society refers to a stage of social and economic development that follows industrial society. ​In a post-industrial society, the economy is centered around the provision of services and information, rather than the production of goods.

Question 21

Post industrial characteristics

Answer 21

1.Basic shift in orientation from goods producing to services-rendering /
information-processing
2.Gradual and steady rise in the influence
of professional and technical occupations
3.Growing influence and centrality of
theoretical knowledge as source of innovation and policy formation for
society
4.Increased need for planning and control
of technology and its growth
5. Emergence of integrated computer
systems to create new intellectual
technology

Question 22

Post-Industrial Pressures

Answer 22

1. Growing Global Competition
   2.Increased Governmental
   Regulations dealing with Social Controversies
   3.Resource Scarcity
   4.Increased labor-force diversity
   5.Changing cultural norms
2. Supply-demand pressures

Question 23

Recent Development in
Managerial Theory

Answer 23

1.Emergence of Management
Science and Operations
Research in decision making
2. Development of Systems
Theory (total environment)
3. Contingency Theory
4. Growing influence of
Organizational Behavior

Question 24

Contingency theory

Answer 24

Contingency theory is a behavioral theory that suggests there is no one best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions

Question 25

Development of Systems
Theory

Answer 25

The development of systems theory refers to the process of creating and evolving the principles and concepts that form the foundation of systems theory

Question 26

Management Science

Answer 26

1.Applying quantitative
techniques to management and
organizational problems
2. Started with logistical problems associated with WWII
3.New technologies continue to
demonstrate the need to
consider social and
organizational aspects

Question 27

Contingency School

Answer 27

1. Universal Principle:
   No universal principles of management
   can be applied in all situations
2. Open Systems Planning:
   Each organization has its own unique
   set of technical, human, and market
   inputs
3. Formal Design of Organizations
   –Routine industries need hierarchy,
   Complex industries need matrices
   4.Leadership Style
   – Has to be situational

Question 27

Systems Theory

Answer 27

Systems theory is a conceptual framework based on the principle that the component parts of a system can best be understood in the context of the whole.

Question 27

Factors about Systems Theory

Answer 27

Subsystems include:
1. Task/Technological subsystem
2. Basic work of organization
3. Administrative/
Structural Subsystem
4.Formal organization
5. Subsystem of Individuals
6. Their knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, expectations, perceptions
7.Emergent Subsystem
8.Implicit arrangements, group norming