Evolution of Management and Organizational Theory Flashcards
Pre industrial
Pre-industrial societies were primarily agricultural and rural, characterized by limited technology and low production of goods.
Factors about pre industrial societies
1.Biased against management
2.Ruling class perceived work, commerce, and trade as undignified
3.Work was done by slaves
4.Individuals were bound to their stations for life
5.Rules were not questions
6.Profit making was not favorably viewed by the ruling class
7.Money should be made by conquering
Management Theory
during Pre-Industrial
Societies
1.Sporadic, Widely scattered
2.Span of Control discussed by
Egyptians
3.Socrates discussed leadership
4. Plato described work
specialization
Agrarian
Agrarian refers to anything related to the cultivation of land, farming, or agriculture
Factors about agrarian
1.Farm/home was the focus of the work
2. Followed in the footsteps of parent
3. Craftwork was prevalent
4.Land meant wealth
Classical Management
A set of theories and principles of management that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Factors about classical Management
1.Two stages of industrialization
2.Development of an industrial infrastructure
3.Nationwide Transportation System
4. Source of cheap power
5.Technological innovations
6.Modern Communications
7. Networked Financial Institutions
8. Educated Labor Force
9.Creation of capital goods sector
Administrative Theory
The study and analysis of the principles, processes, and functions of administration in organizations, particularly in the context of public administration.
Who invented Administrative Theory
Henri Fayol, a French Mining Engineer
Factors about administrative theory
Henri Fayol (Five Functions of Management)
1.Division of Work
2.Authority and Responsibility
3.Unity of Command
4.Renumeration
5.Espirit de Corps
Much of knowledge of
organizational structure came from this theory
Scientific Management
Also known as Taylorism, is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. It aims to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.
Who invented scientific management
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Factors about scientific management
Four basic tenets (Frederick
Taylor):
1.Develop one best way to do each job
1. Select the best individual for the position
2.Ensure the work is carried out in
prescribed fashion (training and
increased wages as the carrot).
3.Divide work among employees so
that activities such as planning,
organizing, and controlling are the
prime responsibilities of managers
Factors about structuralist School
Ideal Organization (Max
Weber), the Bureaucracy:
1.Rules and procedures control organizational function
2. High degree of differentiation exists between function
3.Hierarchy used for reporting
4.Rules and norms regulate behavior
5.Ownership and administration are
separate
6.Administrative acts are recorded in writing
Who invented Neoclassical theory
Neoclassical economics emerged as a theory in the late 19th century, based on the works of William Stanley Jevons
Factors about neoclassical theory
1.Pointed out harmful effects of trying to standardize people
2.Studies showed the impact coworkers (rather than economic incentives) could have on productivity
3.Social considerations began receiving attention
4. Management must help satisfy needs and desires
5.Two sources - Sociologists (Human
Relations) and psychologists (Behavioral)
Who invented human relation school
The Human Relations School of management is attributed to Elton Mayo. Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist who conducted the Hawthorne Experiments
Factors about human relation school
Hawthorne Experiments
1.Regardless what the researchers
did, productivity went up
2.High morale was noticed
3.Informal organization important
4. First work that put the human factor at the center of their work
Who invented behavioral school
John B. Watson2 is credited with popularizing the scientific theory of behaviorism. By advocating the study of observable behaviors and shunning subjective mental processes
Factors about behavioral school
Bases for education today
1. Human behavior based on orientation to personal growth, accomplishment, and inner development
2.Jobs must provide the
opportunity to develop
themselves
Post industrial
Post-industrial society refers to a stage of social and economic development that follows industrial society. In a post-industrial society, the economy is centered around the provision of services and information, rather than the production of goods.
Post industrial characteristics
1.Basic shift in orientation from goods producing to services-rendering /
information-processing
2.Gradual and steady rise in the influence
of professional and technical occupations
3.Growing influence and centrality of
theoretical knowledge as source of innovation and policy formation for
society
4.Increased need for planning and control
of technology and its growth
5. Emergence of integrated computer
systems to create new intellectual
technology
Post-Industrial Pressures
- Growing Global Competition
2.Increased Governmental
Regulations dealing with Social Controversies
3.Resource Scarcity
4.Increased labor-force diversity
5.Changing cultural norms - Supply-demand pressures
Recent Development in
Managerial Theory
1.Emergence of Management
Science and Operations
Research in decision making
2. Development of Systems
Theory (total environment)
3. Contingency Theory
4. Growing influence of
Organizational Behavior
Contingency theory
Contingency theory is a behavioral theory that suggests there is no one best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions
Development of Systems
Theory
The development of systems theory refers to the process of creating and evolving the principles and concepts that form the foundation of systems theory
Management Science
1.Applying quantitative
techniques to management and
organizational problems
2. Started with logistical problems associated with WWII
3.New technologies continue to
demonstrate the need to
consider social and
organizational aspects
Contingency School
- Universal Principle:
No universal principles of management
can be applied in all situations - Open Systems Planning:
Each organization has its own unique
set of technical, human, and market
inputs - Formal Design of Organizations
–Routine industries need hierarchy,
Complex industries need matrices
4.Leadership Style
– Has to be situational
Systems Theory
Systems theory is a conceptual framework based on the principle that the component parts of a system can best be understood in the context of the whole.
Factors about Systems Theory
Subsystems include:
1. Task/Technological subsystem
2. Basic work of organization
3. Administrative/
Structural Subsystem
4.Formal organization
5. Subsystem of Individuals
6. Their knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, expectations, perceptions
7.Emergent Subsystem
8.Implicit arrangements, group norming
