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Biology - Evolution > Evolution lessons 1-4 > Flashcards

Evolution lessons 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

a change over time of the inheritable traits of a population

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2
Q

Variation

A

Diversity

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3
Q

Selection

A

advantages that cause one trait to be favoured over another

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4
Q

Recombination

A

redistribution and mixing of traits and alleles over time

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5
Q

Mutations

A

new alleles and genetic combinations

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of genetics. Discovered the science behind passed down traits. Alive at the same time as Darwin.

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7
Q

Immutable

A

unchanging

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8
Q

The age of the Earth

A

4.54 billion years

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9
Q

Radiometric dating

A

a method to determine the age of the Earth.

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10
Q

Fossil +record

A

fossils preserve extinct or past forms of animals. Hard body parts and footprints are the most common

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11
Q

Excess offspring

A

Adaption in which only the fittest and most adapted offspring survives.

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12
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

life from nonliving things.

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13
Q

Creationism

A

a creator of the universe

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14
Q

Catastrophism

A

natural disasters killed off all the old species which is why we can’t find them anywhere and explain the fossils.

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15
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

The Theory of Acquired Characteristics. Closest theory to actual truth (but not right). Discovered that species were not immutable.

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16
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Took a trip to the Galapagos islands. Discovered natural selection and evolution.

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17
Q

Darwin’s voyage

A

he discovered that animals on different islands had different adaptations.

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18
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

The finches on different islands had different shapes, each suited for the specific environment

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19
Q

Galapagos Islands

A

where Darwin found the secret to natural selection.

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20
Q

Heredity

A

genetic passing of characteristics from generation to generation

21
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

bursts of speciation followed by almost immutable species

22
Q

Species

A

group of similar organisms

23
Q

Pentadactyl limb

A

five fingered

24
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar in origin, different in function (ex: whale fin and human hand)

25
Q

Divergent evolution

A

ancestral lines started out similar, but diverged somewhere along the way

26
Q

Common ancestor

A

shared ancestor between 2 species or populations

27
Q

Analogous structures

A

similar in function, different in origin (ex: butterfly and bat wings)

28
Q

Convergent evolution

A

different ancestors end up in a similar structure or function

29
Q

Embryology

A

The study of embryos and their development

30
Q

Vestigial structures

A

remnants from evolution but are not useful to the evolved being

31
Q

DNA

A

carrier of genetic information

32
Q

Fitness

A

how good a genotype is at creating offspring

33
Q

Hardy Weinberg

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1. Genetic variation will remain constant as long as none of the factors of evolution are at play.

34
Q

Allele frequency

A

frequency (occurrence) of an allele in a population

35
Q

Founder effect

A

when a few individuals leave a population and start a new one

36
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

dramatic but temporary reduction in population, establishing a new gene pool

37
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in the genetic make-up of a population, resulting from chance

38
Q

Gene flow

A

net movement of alleles from one population to another (eg. migration)

39
Q

Mutations

A

genetic variation. Heritable mutations can have an effect on the entire gene pool.

40
Q

Natural selection

A

demonstrates which alleles and phenotypes are the most effective for survival.

41
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

when the most common phenotype is the most favoured by the environment

42
Q

Directional selection

A

when the environment favours one of the extreme variations of a trait

43
Q

Disruptive selection

A

favours individuals with both opposite extremes of a trait over intermediate phenotypes.

44
Q

Sexual selection

A

produces traits that are beneficial to mating but otherwise detrimental.

45
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

obvious differences in the physical appearance of males and females.

46
Q

Female choice

A

form of sexual selection

47
Q

Male-male competition

A

form of sexual selection

48
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of new species through evolution

49
Q

5 factors that cause evolutionary change

A

1) Genetic Drift (bottleneck effect, founder effect), 2) Gene Flow (migration), 3) Mutations, 4) Natural Selection (Stabilizing Selection, Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection), 5) Sexual Selection (Sexual Dimorphism, Male-to-Male competition, female choice).

Biology - Evolution (1 decks)

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