Evolution lessons 1-4

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

a change over time of the inheritable traits of a population

Question 2

Variation

Answer 2

Diversity

Question 3

Selection

Answer 3

advantages that cause one trait to be favoured over another

Question 4

Recombination

Answer 4

redistribution and mixing of traits and alleles over time

Question 5

Mutations

Answer 5

new alleles and genetic combinations

Question 6

Gregor Mendel

Answer 6

Father of genetics. Discovered the science behind passed down traits. Alive at the same time as Darwin.

Question 7

Immutable

Answer 7

unchanging

Question 8

The age of the Earth

Answer 8

4.54 billion years

Question 9

Radiometric dating

Answer 9

a method to determine the age of the Earth.

Question 10

Fossil +record

Answer 10

fossils preserve extinct or past forms of animals. Hard body parts and footprints are the most common

Question 11

Excess offspring

Answer 11

Adaption in which only the fittest and most adapted offspring survives.

Question 12

Spontaneous generation

Answer 12

life from nonliving things.

Question 13

Creationism

Answer 13

a creator of the universe

Question 14

Catastrophism

Answer 14

natural disasters killed off all the old species which is why we can’t find them anywhere and explain the fossils.

Question 15

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 15

The Theory of Acquired Characteristics. Closest theory to actual truth (but not right). Discovered that species were not immutable.

Question 16

Charles Darwin

Answer 16

Took a trip to the Galapagos islands. Discovered natural selection and evolution.

Question 17

Darwin’s voyage

Answer 17

he discovered that animals on different islands had different adaptations.

Question 18

Darwin’s finches

Answer 18

The finches on different islands had different shapes, each suited for the specific environment

Question 19

Galapagos Islands

Answer 19

where Darwin found the secret to natural selection.

Question 20

Heredity

Answer 20

genetic passing of characteristics from generation to generation

Question 21

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 21

bursts of speciation followed by almost immutable species

Question 22

Species

Answer 22

group of similar organisms

Question 23

Pentadactyl limb

Answer 23

five fingered

Question 24

Homologous structures

Answer 24

similar in origin, different in function (ex: whale fin and human hand)

Question 25

Divergent evolution

Answer 25

ancestral lines started out similar, but diverged somewhere along the way

Question 26

Common ancestor

Answer 26

shared ancestor between 2 species or populations

Question 27

Analogous structures

Answer 27

similar in function, different in origin (ex: butterfly and bat wings)

Question 28

Convergent evolution

Answer 28

different ancestors end up in a similar structure or function

Question 29

Embryology

Answer 29

The study of embryos and their development

Question 30

Vestigial structures

Answer 30

remnants from evolution but are not useful to the evolved being

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

carrier of genetic information

Question 32

Fitness

Answer 32

how good a genotype is at creating offspring

Question 33

Hardy Weinberg

Answer 33

p^2+2pq+q^2=1. Genetic variation will remain constant as long as none of the factors of evolution are at play.

Question 34

Allele frequency

Answer 34

frequency (occurrence) of an allele in a population

Question 35

Founder effect

Answer 35

when a few individuals leave a population and start a new one

Question 36

Bottleneck effect

Answer 36

dramatic but temporary reduction in population, establishing a new gene pool

Question 37

Genetic drift

Answer 37

change in the genetic make-up of a population, resulting from chance

Question 38

Gene flow

Answer 38

net movement of alleles from one population to another (eg. migration)

Question 39

Mutations

Answer 39

genetic variation. Heritable mutations can have an effect on the entire gene pool.

Question 40

Natural selection

Answer 40

demonstrates which alleles and phenotypes are the most effective for survival.

Question 41

Stabilizing selection

Answer 41

when the most common phenotype is the most favoured by the environment

Question 42

Directional selection

Answer 42

when the environment favours one of the extreme variations of a trait

Question 43

Disruptive selection

Answer 43

favours individuals with both opposite extremes of a trait over intermediate phenotypes.

Question 44

Sexual selection

Answer 44

produces traits that are beneficial to mating but otherwise detrimental.

Question 45

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 45

obvious differences in the physical appearance of males and females.

Question 46

Female choice

Answer 46

form of sexual selection

Question 47

Male-male competition

Answer 47

form of sexual selection

Question 48

Speciation

Answer 48

the formation of new species through evolution

Question 49

5 factors that cause evolutionary change

Answer 49

1) Genetic Drift (bottleneck effect, founder effect), 2) Gene Flow (migration), 3) Mutations, 4) Natural Selection (Stabilizing Selection, Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection), 5) Sexual Selection (Sexual Dimorphism, Male-to-Male competition, female choice).