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Biology 1001A > Evolution is Happening > Flashcards

Evolution is Happening Flashcards

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1
Q

who is georges cuvier and what is he known for?

A

french scientist that studied fossils

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2
Q

strata

A

specific layers of rock that can be used to infer the age of the layer

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3
Q

who is lamark and what is he known for?

A

french biologist that recognized species do change over time

he is known for his incorrect mechanism of evolution –> he believed species changed over evolutionary time

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4
Q

who is charles darwin and what is he known for?

A

known to have discovered the theory of evolution by natural selection

he believed in unity –> many species resemble one another and all life is descended from a common ancestor

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5
Q

what is diverse modification and give an example

A

species in different environments are different but may look similar or related

ex. finches on diff islands look the same but are different

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6
Q

natural selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

–> organisms produce many more offspring than the number to survive
–> organisms must compete to survive

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7
Q

heritable

A

a trait that can be passed down to offspring

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8
Q

descent of modification

A

traits are passed down from generation to generation and sometimes undergo changes/ modifications over time

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9
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics

i.e. shape, size, behaviour and functoin

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10
Q

genotype

A

specific combo of genes and alleles

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11
Q

what are the two requirements of a genotype

A
  1. traits must be expressed (genetic makeup)
  2. traits must be heritable
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12
Q

what are the sources of variation?

A

mutation and meiosis

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13
Q

what are the 3 different mechanisms of meiosis

A

recombination: chromosomes cross and exchange sections

independent assortment: offpsring receive one of each chromosome at random from the parent

fertilization: combining two parental genomes

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14
Q

what are agents of selection and give an example

A

environmental feature that consistently produces differential survival

ex: heat, drought, salinity

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15
Q

what are selective pressures? what are the two types? give examples

A

selective pressure is how intensely the environment is selecting a trait

  1. biotic: living pressures
    ex. prey, predators
  2. abiotic: non-living pressures
    ex. rainfall, temperature, nutrients
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16
Q

fossil records

A

evidence for evolution where you can see species change gradually through time

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17
Q

comparative embryology

A

distantly related species have similar embryonic stages (due to shared ancestry)

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18
Q

biogeography

A

the distribution of related species matches evolutionary theory

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19
Q

vestigial structures

A

some traits have no current function and are slowly disappearing

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20
Q

genomics

A

DNA is more similar between closely related species

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21
Q

artificial selection

A

selectively bred traits to produce desired phenotypes

22
Q

resistance in pests

A

pests have become resistance to our methods of control

23
Q

viruses

A

infectious particles made up of nucleic acid and a protein coat (capsid)
- extremely small and simple particles
- contains one or more RNA or DNA molecules
- can be enveloped in a membrane or not
- requires another organism in order to replicate

24
Q

do viruses follow the central dogma: DNA–>RNA–>protein

A

some but not all

25
Q

do viruses contain genetic information in DNA

A

some but not all

26
Q

do viruses have a metabolism

A

no

27
Q

do viruses have membranes made of lipids

A

no

28
Q

do viruses respond to stimuli

A

yes

29
Q

host

A

the organism infected with the virus

30
Q

host range

A

number of different species a virus can infect

31
Q

specialist

A

viruses that can infect only a single host species

32
Q

generalist

A

viruses that have a ride range of hosts

33
Q

what are the steps to viral replication?

A
  1. virus attaches to the outside of host call
  2. virus injects nucleic acid into host
  3. virus hijacks the cell machinery to replicate its own components
  4. viral components come together to form new viruses
  5. virus is ejected from cell to infect other hosts
34
Q

lytic cycle

A

the final step in viral replication bursts open and kills host cell - virulent phages

35
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

viruses do not kill the host cell and continues to be produced by host cell - temperate phages

36
Q

what is HIV?

A

human immunodeficiency virus, which is an RNA virus but is a retrovirus

37
Q

what are the steps to how retroviruses work?

A
  1. viral capsid, containing HIV RNA and viral proteins attaches and fuses to the cell membrane
  2. capsid contents are released into the cytoplasm
  3. HIV codes for reverse transcriptase
  4. HIV cDNA is integrated into the host cell genome by viral integrase
  5. the host machinery for transciption and translation is hijacked by the virus
  6. new, replicated, HIV RNAs and long strand proteins are packaged into viral capsides
  7. viral protease cuts bonds between the long strnad proteins to form active HIV proteins/enzymes
38
Q

do retroviruses have high mutation rates?

A

they have high mutation rates because reverse transcriptase lacks proofreading activity (removal of incorrectly incorporated nucleotides from the primer terminus before further primer extension)

39
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make DNA

40
Q

integrase

A

an enzyme that cuts host DNA

41
Q

antivirals

A

has a high number of side effects compared to antibiotics because viruses rely on host immune system –> try to target virus specific processes

42
Q

why does the effectiveness of antiviral therapies decrease over time?

A
  • they apply a selection pressure (certain phenotype more favourable)
  • random mutations
  • over time, the viral population becomes entirely resistant
43
Q

AZT

A

a drug that is a nucleoside analog and gets mistaken as thymidine bc they’re shaped very similarly

44
Q

zoonotic disease

A

a disease that can spread and are shared between animals and humans

45
Q

why is identifying pathogen (virus) reservoirs (infectious host organism) difficult

A

each pathogen (virus) has a unique reservoir

46
Q

endemic

A

when a pathogen is existing in its natural area or within its natural organism at a steady state level

47
Q

epidemic

A

a widespread occurrence of a particular pathogen within a short period of time

48
Q

pandemic

A

a fast, widespread occurrence of a particular pathogen over a significantly large area (multiple countries or across continents)

49
Q

scientific theory

A

coherent set of testable hypothesis that attempt to explain factors about the natural world - must be testable!!!

50
Q

variational

A

species evolving over generational time

51
Q

transformational

A

an individual growing over one lifetime

52
Q

unfalsifiable assertion

A

there are no cases under which it could be false - not having enough proof

Biology 1001A (11 decks)

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