evolution exam 1

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Descent with modification

Question 2

George

Answer 2

Discovered extinction through mammoth bones and comparing them to elephant bones, ruining the linear hierarchy

Question 3

Carl

Answer 3

nested hierarchy, all species belong to a kingdom

Question 4

Charles Lyell

Answer 4

The present is key to the past ( change happens at a slow rate)

Question 5

Jean Baptise Lemarck

Answer 5

Founded that species evolve/ evolution/ inheritance of acquired traits

Question 6

Darwin

Answer 6

adaptive radiation : species changing over time to fit the needs of that species

Question 7

explain why the fossils Dorudon and Pakicetus provided evidence of the evolution of whales from land to sea.

Answer 7

Dorudon: ear bones looked like whales (thick), teeth resembled land animals
Pakicetus: 5o mil old whale, thick ears, same ankle bones as pigs hippos and cows.
The Pakicetus was the transitional form of a land animal to whale.
Pakicetus nostrils at the front, Dorudon in the middle and whales at the top

Question 8

Homology

Answer 8

similarity between two or more species because of inheritance of a common ancestor

Question 9

Chromosome

Answer 9

a coiled like structure of DNA

Question 10

gene

Answer 10

the section of DNA that contains the information for a protein

Question 11

allele

Answer 11

another version of a gene

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

the genetic make up

Question 13

phenotype

Answer 13

the observable traits

Question 14

homozygous

Answer 14

two of the same genes

Question 15

heterozygous

Answer 15

two different genes

Question 16

recessive

Answer 16

only shows affect if the individual is homozygous

Question 17

dominant

Answer 17

masks the presence of a recessive allele

Question 18

silent mutation

Answer 18

a mutation that is not expressed

Question 19

substitution

Answer 19

when a nucleotide is removed from a sequence/ when a segment of DNA is lost

Question 20

frameshift

Answer 20

when a codon is disrupted by inserting or deleting a number that is not a multiple of three

Question 21

How do mutations to coding regions differ from mutations to regulatory regions?

Answer 21

in Coding regions there is a change in the sequence of a protein in an intron there is change in when, where, how much protein is made

Question 22

what causes mutations? why are mutations important?

Answer 22

Mutations are caused by errors in DNA sequencing, they can be beneficial because they produce variability and adaptation

Question 23

pleiotropy

Answer 23

when a single DNA variant causes multiple traits (think shar-pei dogs wrinkly skin X fevers)

Question 24

What is phenotypic plasticity? When and why is it adaptive?

Answer 24

The ability of a species to change in response to inputs from its environment. It is adaptive when environments conditions change frequently so the species can live no matter the conditions

Question 25

How do we determine if a trait is phenotypically plastic?

Answer 25

experiments with individuals from the same genotype in different environments, seeing if the phenotypes vary across the environment

Question 26

What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? How do they relate to the different mechanisms of evolution?

Answer 26

Large Population - a large population allows for genetic drift Equal Performance- the opposite of selection, in hardy Weinberg theorem this would be considered survival of the fittest or selecting certain organisms for favorable traits No mutation- this would change allele frequencies which is what you would want for evolution no migration- this would also change allele frequencies

Question 27

What does it mean if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 27

It means a population has the same allele frequencies

Question 28

What are the mechanisms of evolution? Be able to provide an example of a population that has evolved from each.

Answer 28

Mutation =Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics due to a mutation Migration= if a species of butterflies migrate and interbreed with another species of butterfly, their alleles are shared and the genetic makeup is changed natural selection = when the peppered moth population shifted rom light to dark genetic drift= cheetahs, due to the bottle neck affect have to reproduce in a small population

Question 29

What conditions are needed for natural selection to occur?

Answer 29

Variability, Heritability and Differential Success VHD THINK: If I was a Dr I would have a PHD not a VHD(s) THINK: Peter and Rosemary! The finches beaks!!