Evolution+Classification Flashcards
What is classification?
The process by which living organisms are sorted into groups.
What are the 7 taxanomic groups?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What are Hierarchical classification systems often referred to as?
Linnaean Classification systems
True or false?
Kingdoms are the smallest and most specific taxanomic group.
False.
Kingdoms are the broadest and biggest taxanomic group.
Why do classification systems develop?
As scientific knowledge improves and develops over time and as new discoveries are made, the systems are modified.
Why do scientists classify organisms? (3 reasons)
To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links
What is the advantage of using a single classification system worldwide?
Scientists worldwide can share their research and links between organisms can be seen even if they’re from different continents.
What are the three domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is a species?
A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
Is a mule a species? why?
No. This is because they cannot breed to produce any offspring because they have an odd number of chromosomes.
What is the classification of humans?
Homo sapiens (in italics)
How are organisms named?
By the binomial nomenclature system.
What are the two parts to an organisms scientific name?
First word- Genus (family name/surname)
Second word- Species (specific name)
Unlike humans, no two species can have ……………………..
the same name.
What are the five kingdoms?
Prokaryotae protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia
What are the general features of prokaryotae?
unicellular
no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
no visible feeding mechanism
What are the general features of protoctista?
mainly unicellular a nucleus membrane bound organelles chloroplasts move by cilia and flagella nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
What are the general features of fungi?
uni/multicellular nucleus and membrane bound organelles no chloroplasts or chlorophyll no mechanism for locomotion a body or mycelium made of hyphae nutrients acquired by absorption food stored as glycogen
What are the general features of plantae?
multicellular nucleus membrane bound organelles chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls most don't move nutrients acquired by photosynthesis store food as starch
What are the general features of animalia?
multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts
move with cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
nutrients by ingestion
food stored as glycogen
How does comparing DNA of organisms show evolutionary links?
When organisms evolve, their internal and external features and their DNA changes. DNA determines the proteins made, and so the characteristics.
What is the form of rRNA in the eukarya domain?
80s ribosomes, 12 proteins
What is the form of rRNA in the archaea domain?
70s ribosomes, 8-10 proteins
What is the form of rRNA in the bacteria domain?
70s ribosomes, 5 proteins
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia
What are archaebacteria also known as?
ancient bacteria
What environments do archaebacteria live in?
Extreme environments;
Thermal vents
anaerobic conditions
Highly acidic environments
What are eubacteria also known as?
true bacteria
What environments do eubacteria live in?
all environments
Which system do scientists most use now to classify organisms?
The three domain, six kingdom system.
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary relationships between organisms.
What is phylogenetics?
The study of the evolutionary history between of groups of organisms.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
How are phylogenetic trees produced?
By looking at similarities and differences in species’ physical characteristics and genetic makeup.
Is the top of the tree the past or present day?
Present day.
What do the nodes on the tree represent?
A common ancestor.
What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?
1) Can be done without reference to Linnaean classification
2) Classification uses phlogeny to check the classification groups are correct
3) Produces a continuous tree not discrete groups
4) You can see common ancestors
5) Hierarchy of classification systems can be misleading.
What is evolution?
The theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve, or change, over many years as a result of natural selection.
What was the main believe of the existence of life in Charles Darwin’s time?
Belief that God created all life on Earth.
What is uniformitarianism?
The idea that in the past, the earth was shaped by forces that you can still see in action today.
Where did Darwin carry out his observations and what type of bird was it on?
In the Galapagos Islands and Finches.
Darwin saw that different finches had different sized beaks depending on the food they had available.
What was Darwin’s conclusion from his observations?
A bird with a beak more suited to the food available will survive longer than a bird with a less suited beak.
Why was the theory of evolution controversial at the time of Darwin?
It contradicted the religious view that God created everything.
What are the three ways in which scientists study evolution?
Palaeontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry
What is palaeontology?
The study of fossils and the fossil record
What is comparative anatomy?
The study of similarities and differences between organisms’ anatomy.
What is comparative biochemistry?
The study of similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms.
How are fossils formed?
When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks.
What evidence is provided by the fossil record?
Fossils of simplest organisms are found in the oldest rocks.
Sequence in which organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other.
Studying anatomy of fossils shows how closely related they are.
Fossils allow relationships to be investigated between extinct and extant organisms.
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