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A level Biology - Unit 4 > Evolution+Classification > Flashcards

Evolution+Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process by which living organisms are sorted into groups.

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2
Q

What are the 7 taxanomic groups?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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3
Q

What are Hierarchical classification systems often referred to as?

A

Linnaean Classification systems

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4
Q

True or false?

Kingdoms are the smallest and most specific taxanomic group.

A

False.

Kingdoms are the broadest and biggest taxanomic group.

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5
Q

Why do classification systems develop?

A

As scientific knowledge improves and develops over time and as new discoveries are made, the systems are modified.

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6
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms? (3 reasons)

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

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7
Q

What is the advantage of using a single classification system worldwide?

A

Scientists worldwide can share their research and links between organisms can be seen even if they’re from different continents.

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8
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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9
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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10
Q

Is a mule a species? why?

A

No. This is because they cannot breed to produce any offspring because they have an odd number of chromosomes.

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11
Q

What is the classification of humans?

A

Homo sapiens (in italics)

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12
Q

How are organisms named?

A

By the binomial nomenclature system.

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13
Q

What are the two parts to an organisms scientific name?

A

First word- Genus (family name/surname)

Second word- Species (specific name)

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14
Q

Unlike humans, no two species can have ……………………..

A

the same name.

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15
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Prokaryotae
protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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16
Q

What are the general features of prokaryotae?

A

unicellular
no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
no visible feeding mechanism

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17
Q

What are the general features of protoctista?

A 
mainly unicellular
a nucleus
membrane bound organelles
chloroplasts
move by cilia and flagella
nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
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18
Q

What are the general features of fungi?

A 
uni/multicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts or chlorophyll
no mechanism for locomotion
a body or mycelium made of hyphae
nutrients acquired by absorption
food stored as glycogen
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19
Q

What are the general features of plantae?

A 
multicellular
nucleus
membrane bound organelles
chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
most don't move
nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
store food as starch
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20
Q

What are the general features of animalia?

A

multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts
move with cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
nutrients by ingestion
food stored as glycogen

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21
Q

How does comparing DNA of organisms show evolutionary links?

A

When organisms evolve, their internal and external features and their DNA changes. DNA determines the proteins made, and so the characteristics.

22
Q

What is the form of rRNA in the eukarya domain?

A

80s ribosomes, 12 proteins

23
Q

What is the form of rRNA in the archaea domain?

A

70s ribosomes, 8-10 proteins

24
Q

What is the form of rRNA in the bacteria domain?

A

70s ribosomes, 5 proteins

25
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A 
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
26
Q

What are archaebacteria also known as?

A

ancient bacteria

27
Q

What environments do archaebacteria live in?

A

Extreme environments;
Thermal vents
anaerobic conditions
Highly acidic environments

28
Q

What are eubacteria also known as?

A

true bacteria

29
Q

What environments do eubacteria live in?

A

all environments

30
Q

Which system do scientists most use now to classify organisms?

A

The three domain, six kingdom system.

31
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms.

32
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

The study of the evolutionary history between of groups of organisms.

33
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

34
Q

How are phylogenetic trees produced?

A

By looking at similarities and differences in species’ physical characteristics and genetic makeup.

35
Q

Is the top of the tree the past or present day?

A

Present day.

36
Q

What do the nodes on the tree represent?

A

A common ancestor.

37
Q

What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?

A

1) Can be done without reference to Linnaean classification
2) Classification uses phlogeny to check the classification groups are correct
3) Produces a continuous tree not discrete groups
4) You can see common ancestors
5) Hierarchy of classification systems can be misleading.

38
Q

What is evolution?

A

The theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve, or change, over many years as a result of natural selection.

39
Q

What was the main believe of the existence of life in Charles Darwin’s time?

A

Belief that God created all life on Earth.

40
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

The idea that in the past, the earth was shaped by forces that you can still see in action today.

41
Q

Where did Darwin carry out his observations and what type of bird was it on?

A

In the Galapagos Islands and Finches.

42
Q

Darwin saw that different finches had different sized beaks depending on the food they had available.
What was Darwin’s conclusion from his observations?

A

A bird with a beak more suited to the food available will survive longer than a bird with a less suited beak.

43
Q

Why was the theory of evolution controversial at the time of Darwin?

A

It contradicted the religious view that God created everything.

44
Q

What are the three ways in which scientists study evolution?

A

Palaeontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry

45
Q

What is palaeontology?

A

The study of fossils and the fossil record

46
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of similarities and differences between organisms’ anatomy.

47
Q

What is comparative biochemistry?

A

The study of similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms.

48
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks.

49
Q

What evidence is provided by the fossil record?

A

Fossils of simplest organisms are found in the oldest rocks.
Sequence in which organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other.
Studying anatomy of fossils shows how closely related they are.
Fossils allow relationships to be investigated between extinct and extant organisms.

50
Q

pg 244

A

,

A level Biology - Unit 4 (3 decks)

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