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Grade 11 biology > evolution chapter 7 > Flashcards

evolution chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory

A

a set of statements that explains a group of facts or phenomena. These statements have been tested repeatedly and are supported by evidence

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2
Q

Evolution

A

the idea that all species are descendants of ancient species that were different from modern day species

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3
Q

Early Evidence

A

→ Darwin was aboard the vessel - HMS Beagle (1831) as a naturalist
→ He observed that species varied locally, especially on islands. Similar species in different habitats had different features

E.g Finches if the Galapagos Islands has varying beaks to feed on different food sources

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4
Q

Who is Alfred Wallace?

A

→ English Naturalist
→ Independently formulated a concept of evolution and natural selection (that resembled Charles Darwin)

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5
Q

5 PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED CHARLES DARWIN

A
  1. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  2. James Hutton
  3. Charles Lyell
  4. Thomas Malthus
  5. Georges Cuvier
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6
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A
  • Proposed theory of “inheritance of acquired characteristics” (mostly incorrect theory)
  • All beneficial characteristics an organism acquired during its lifetime will be passed on to its offspring

E.g - Giraffes needed to reach leaves high in trees so they developed longer necks and passed them down to offspring

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7
Q

James Hutton

A
  • Proposed theory of “uniformitarianism”
  • Stated that present day Earth was the result of constantly changing, very slow processes

E.g - Erosion, Rock Cycle (molten → rock →sedimentary)

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8
Q

Charles Lyell

A
  • Believed that the present is the key to the past
  • Also proposed theory of “uniformitarianism” (Earth continues to undergo gradual geological changes)
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9
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • Believed humans overpopulate and strain resources
  • Therefore, Darwin believed this could be applied to all species. A large population can reduce resources causing a “struggle for survival” and allowing only the strongest to survive
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10
Q

Georges Cuvier

A
  • Believed species changed overtime
  • Studied fossils and developed the science of PALEONTOLOGY
  • Destructive natural events (floods, volcanic eruptions) caused species extinctions
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11
Q

Dawrin’s Theory

A
  • Published “The Origin of Species” (in 1859)
    1. Species evolve (change) over time
    2. Species evolve by the process of natural selection
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12
Q

Darwin’s Proposals/Ideas

A
  • Evolution → Descent with modification
  • Natural selection → Individuals with inherited characteristics best suited to their environment leave more offspring than those that are less adapted
    → survival of the fittest
  • Fitness → ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment
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13
Q

Evidence for Natural Selection

A
  • Antibiotic resistance of bacteria
  • Superbugs
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14
Q

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria

A
  • When patients do not finish an antibiotic treatment they leave behind some bacteria that are resistant. These resistant bacterias can reproduce and become more common
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15
Q

Superbugs

A
  • Bacterial strains that become resistant to most/all antibiotic treatments
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16
Q

THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION:

A
  1. Fossil Records
  2. Comparative Anatomy (comparing structures)
    A,B,C
  3. Comparative Development (aka embryology)
  4. Molecular Biology (studying molecules)
17
Q

Fossil Records

A
  • Chronological collection of the remains of ancient species
  • Deeper the fossil = older
    E.g - Whales evolved from land mammals (they have a hip bone that indicates land)
18
Q

Comparative Anatomy (comparing structures)
A

A

A. Homologous Structures
→Similar structures in different species because they share a common ancestor

E.g - forelimb of ALL MAMMALS consist of the same skeletal parts

19
Q

Comparative Anatomy (comparing structures)
B

A

Analogous Structures
→ Structures that perform similar functions but have evolved completely separately
→ No common ancestor

20
Q

Comparative Anatomy (comparing structures)
C

A

→ Remains of structures that may have been important in ancestral species (have no function now)
E.g - Humans have goosebumps, appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth, ear muscles, etc.

21
Q

Comparative Development (aka embryology)

A

→ Embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages of development

22
Q

Molecular Biology (studying molecules)

A

→ Species that share a common ancestor will have similar DNA/genes and protein sequences

Grade 11 biology (1 decks)

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