Evolution - Ch 25 - Phylogenies and the History of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

One happens at the population level, and the other happens at the species level

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2
Q

What are sister groups?

A

2+ lineages that share a recent common ancestor (at the node where their branches meet)

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3
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A taxon that diverged prior to the taxa that are the focus of the study, which helps root the tree (i.e., reference group)

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4
Q

What is a polytomy?

A

A node that shows an ancestral branch dividing into 3+ descendent branches (either lack of data or adaptive radiation occurred)

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5
Q

What is a character?

A

any genetic, morphological, physiological, developmental, or behavioural trait

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6
Q

What is an ancestral trait? What is a derived trait?

A
  • ancestral trait: a trait that any ancestor had
  • derived trait: a modified form of an ancestral trait found in a descendant

they are relative to what you are comparing

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7
Q

What is the cladistic approach?

A

where relationships between species can be reconstructed by identifying common derived traits, i.e., synapomorphies

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8
Q

What is a monophyletic group/clade/lineage?

A

an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all its descendants

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9
Q

What is the logical principle, in which the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is often the most likely?

A

parsimony or Occam’s Razor

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10
Q

Homology vs. homoplasy

A

homology is the similarity of organisms due to common ancestry, whereas homoplasy is the similarity of organisms for reasons other than common ancestry (ex. convergent evolution)

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11
Q

What is a polyphyletic group? Paraphyletic group?

A
  • An unnatural group that does not include a recent common ancestor
  • A group that includes an ancestral population and some, but not all descendants
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12
Q

Do cladograms (a phylogenetic tree using the cladistic approach) care about branch length?

A

no

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13
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

a common cause of homoplasy, it is the independent evolution of similar traits in distantly related organisms because of an adaptation to similar environment or lifestyles

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14
Q

What is an artiodactyl? What is the Whippo Hypothesis?

A

An artiodactyl has an even number of toes and an astragalus (ankle boneshape)
-Whales are closely related to hippos (and lost the astragalus) – supported by morphological data, sequencing data, and SINES

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15
Q

What are 5 types of fossils?

A
  • intact (ex. pollen)
  • compression (ex. leaf)
  • cast (ex. ammonite shell)
  • permineralized (ex. petrified wood)
  • trace (ex. footprints, tracks, feces, feeding marks)
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16
Q

What is an intact fossil?

A

forms when no decomposition and organic remains are intact

17
Q

What is a compression fossil?

A

forms when sediment accumulates atop the organism and then turns in to rocks which compresses the organic material

18
Q

What is a cast fossil?

A

forms when the organism decomposes after burial, and the remaining hole contains dissolved minerals that can create an accurate “mold” or cast

19
Q

What is a permineralized fossil?

A

forms when organisms decay very slowly, and dissolved minerals gradually infiltrate inside the cells and turn to stone

20
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

forms when sedimentation and mineralization preserve indirect evidence of a past organism

21
Q

What are limitations of the fossil records, i.e. potential biases that one must be cautious of?

A

habitat bias
taxonomic and tissue bias
temporal bias
abundance bias

22
Q

What is habitat bias (for fossils)?

A

organisms that live in areas with active sediment deposits more likely to fossilize

23
Q

What is temporal bias (for fossils)?

A

newer organisms more likely to be found (older organisms are deeper in layers)

24
Q

What is abundance bias (for fossils)?

A

more abundant, widespread species are more likely to fossilize

25
Q

What is tissue/taxonomic bias (for fossils)?

A

harder body parts are more likely to fossilize

26
Q

Precambrian (4.6 bya to 541 mya), what living things dominated this eon, and what were atmospheric conditions like?

A
  • life was only unicellular

- O2 was virtually absent from oceans and the atmosphere until photosynthetic bacteria came along

27
Q

What were the 3 eras of the Phanerozoic Eon? List some major evolutionary events or dominant species of each era.

A
  1. Paleozoic:
    Origin and adaptive radiation of many animals, land plants, and fungi.
    Ended with End-Permian extinction event
  2. Mesozoic:
    Gymnosperms were dominant land plants; dinosaurs were largest invertebrates
    Ended with Cretaceous/Paleogene extinction event: all non-avian dinosaurs wiped out
  3. Cenozoic
    Angiosperms are dominant land plants; mammals experienced an adaptive radiation (and are largest invertebrates)
28
Q

What is an adaptive radiation?

A

when a single lineage produces many descendent species with a wide range of adaptive forms

29
Q

What are the 3 hallmarks of adaptive radiation?

A
  1. They are a monophyletic group
  2. They speciated rapidly!
  3. The descendants diversified into many niches
30
Q

What two general mechanisms cause adaptive radiations?

A
  • factors intrinsic to organisms (ex. evolution of key traits)
  • factors extrinsic to organisms (ex. favourable new conditions in environment)
31
Q

What is ecological opportunity?

A

the availability of new types of resources – it is an extrinsic factor that can cause adaptive radiations

32
Q

What was the Cambrian explosion (541 mya)?

A

the adaptive radiation of Animalia

33
Q

What are four hypotheses for why the Cambrian explosion happened?

A
  • higher O2 levels
  • evolution of predation
  • new niches brought about more niches
  • new genes, new bodies
34
Q

Mass extinction vs. background extinction

A
  • mass extinction: the RAPID dying off of a great number of lineages scattered throughout the tree of life (due to exceptionally harsh short-term conditions)
  • background extinction: the lesser, average rate of extinction when mass extinction not happening – (with normal environmental change, emerging diseases, predation pressure, competition, etc.)
35
Q

What are the “big five” historic mass extinctions?

A
End-Ordovician
Late Devonian
End-Permian *
Late Triassic
End-Cretaceous
36
Q

What happened in the End-Permian Extinction that caused 1/10 species left???

A

it’s still a mystery, but:

  • flood basalts, intense global warming
  • high levels of SO2 -> severe acid rain
  • coal fires, and toxic ash with mercury in air
  • oceans lacked O2
  • sea levels dropped dramatically
  • land animals possibly restricted to small patches of low-elevation for habitat
37
Q

What is the leading hypothesis on the K-Pg extinction event?

A

the impact hypothesis: a meteorite hit Earth ~66 mya, and obliterated 60-80% of multicellular species

38
Q

Which dinosaurs made it out alive of K-Pg

A

the non-avian ones!

39
Q

What is the evidence for the Impact Hypothesis?

A
  • high amounts of iridium
  • spike in shocked quartz
  • spike of microtektites