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Biology > Evolution And The Diversity If Life > Flashcards

Evolution And The Diversity If Life Flashcards

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0
Q

What are genes?

A

DNA inherited from a parent organism through reproduction

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1
Q

Biology is the study of what

A

Of life

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2
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Is used to classify organisms into groups, according to the way in which there are related to one another.

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3
Q

It is the standard system of classification of all living organisms?

A

Domain Arcadia, domain bacteria, and domain Eukarya

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4
Q

Domain Arcadia is

A

made up of prokaryotic unicellular organisms that live in extreme habitat such a deep ocean steam vents the term prokaryotic is used to describe an organism that lacks the membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles a typical eukaryotes

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5
Q

Bacteria consist of?

A

Prokaryotic unicellular bacteria they inhabit a wide variety of environments and display remarkable range of adaptions

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6
Q

Domain eukarya cysts of four kingdoms, what are they?

A

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom plantae
Kingdom animalia

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7
Q

What is natural selection

A

Is the process where a population develops adaptions to their environment and is what leads to Evolution order a long period of time

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8
Q

What for conditions must be met for natural selection to occur

A
  1. Population members exhibit differences that are heritable
  2. population members produce more offspring than can be supported by environmental resources
  3. competition exist between population members for limited resources and results in increased survival and reproduction a better adapted individuals
  4. through many generations, a greater portion of the population exhibits adaptions to the environment and thus evolves
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9
Q

What is the definition of population

A

All organisms of the same species that live in a particular area make of a population

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10
Q

Is a community

A

All of the populations of different species found within a certain area form a community

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11
Q

What is the definition of ecosystem

A

A community along with the nonliving components of the physical environment, for the next level of organization and ecosystem. Within an ecosystem their producers, consumers, and decomposers

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12
Q

The highest level of organization

A

Biosphere the biosphere is a thin fragile layer over earth surface, it includes the areas of the lower atmosphere the oceans in various land surfaces there are able to support life.

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13
Q

Is the scientific method

A

Develop a question that you would like to answer based on an observation you’ve made based on your observations in on the findings of past sciences, develop a hypothesis, your best possible explanation to the question posed. Based on your hypothesis, make predictions on what you will think will occur. Find ways to test your predictions by conducting experiments or making further observation. Develop conclusions by analyzing and reporting your test results.

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14
Q

What are neutrons

A

Uncharged particles

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15
Q

What are proton

A

Positively charged particles

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16
Q

What is a nucleus

A

The center of an atom

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17
Q

What is an electron

A

A very light negatively charged particle

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18
Q

What is an atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an Atom

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19
Q

Is an isotope

A

And atom that varies in neutron number

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20
Q

What is the octet rule

A

It states that an Atom with two or more electrons shells is most stable when the outer shell, or valance shell, contains eight electrons

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21
Q

What does C H O P S stand for

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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22
Q

What forms a molecule

A

How electrons in her actual or more Adams joined to form a molecule

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23
Q

What is a compound

A

A molecule is that is composed of Atoms of different elements

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24
Q

What is ionic bonding

A

When an atom either donates or accepts electrons from another atom

25
Q

Covalent bonding is what

A

It occurs when each of two at tomes has an unpaired electrons in its outer electron shell each Atom exerts a force on the unpaired electron of the other pulling them together the unfair electrons are then shared between two Atoms is sharing of electrons may be equal between the two Atoms producing what is called a nonpolar bond it may also be unequal causing one end of the molecule to have a slight positive charge and the other end to have a slight negative charge unequal electron sharing produces a polar covalent bond

26
Q

What is a chemical reaction

A

Molecules interact with and can transform one another into what are called chemical reaction natural processes that are critical for all life

27
Q

What are the properties of water

A

Water is a solvent, Waters cohesive and adhesive. Water has high surface tension, water has a high heat capacity, water is less dense as ice

28
Q

There are four groups of organic molecules known as biological molecules and are based on carbon atoms what are they

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

29
Q

What do you carbohydrates consist of, and in what ratio

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen The ratio is a 1:2:1

30
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

They are simple sugars that have one sugar molecule. Their carbon backbone is composed of 3 to 7 carbon Adams. Examples are glucose, fructose, and ribose glucose is the most basic source of energy for living things

31
Q

What are disaccharides

A

They are composed of two monosaccharides (sugars) that are bonded together. Examples of disaccharides and pleased lactose, sugar, sucrose, table sugar, and maltose.

32
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

They are complex carbohydrates with many monosaccharide molecules that for chains or branches. Examples include glycogen, starch, and cellulose. Polysaccharides often carry out short-term energy storage; four instance, glycogen stores energy in the livers of animals. Polysaccharides also conserve as structural components of cellf. Cellulose,abundant in plants, is the most structural polysaccharide on our planet. another polysaccharide, Chitin,forms the shell of crabs and lobsters as well as the exoskeletons of insects

33
Q

Are lipids

A

Lipids are fats and other oily organic substances. Cells use lipids for energy storage, for structural support, and is a signaling molecule. Lipids are nonpolar hydrocarbons that don’t dissolve in water. Lipids are composed of fatty acids attached to glycerone. Fatty acids maybe saturated or unsaturated.triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body when broken down they provide more than twice the energy of complex carbohydrates

34
Q

What is saturated fatty acid

A

They are associated with cardiovascular disease and should be avoided in foods.

35
Q

What is an unsaturated fat

A

They protect against the build up of fat in arteries

36
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

They are structurally important lipids found in the plasma membrane system around self. Among these lipids are steroids, would serve regulating functions in humans. Cholesterol is a steroid in the plasma membrane to the animals. It is also precursor of the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen

37
Q

What is a protein

A

Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

38
Q

Is a peptide bond

A

Are formed when an amino group bonds covalently to a carboxyl group

39
Q

What is a peptide

A

A peptide described to her more amino acids joined together by covalent bond, a polypeptide is a molecule that consists of many amino acids connected by a peptide bonds.

40
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

It is a small organic compound that contains one or more than one phosphate group and five carbon sugar attached to a Nitrogenase base

41
Q

What nucleotides are in DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

42
Q

What is RNA composed of

A

Adenine guanine cytosine uracil

43
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus as well as other membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells represented by bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus their genetic material is located in what’s called a nucleoid

44
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

It is continuous with the nuclear envelope and extends into the cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached is known as rough ER where is ER without ribosomes is called smooth ER

45
Q

What are vesicles

A

Their small membranous sacks that transport molecules there also vacuoles that are similar to vesicles except their larger and are usually used to store substances

46
Q

What is Golgi apparatus

A

Their bodies that modify a polypeptide chains into mentor protein before shipping them out locations within the cell there compose the flat membrane-bound sacks that resembled a stack of pancakes

47
Q

What is mitochondria

A

They are often called the powerhouses of the cell seen triphosphate for energy is formed from the breakdown of organic compounds with the new mitochondria each mitochondria has a double membrane System the inner membrane is folded to create compartments within the organelle itself

48
Q

Is a chloroplast

A

They are specialized organelles in photosynthetic cells

49
Q

A cytoskeleton

A

It extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane comprised of different kinds of protein filaments and microtubules it’s yours is sort of framework or internal scaffolding for the cell

50
Q

What is the cell wall

A

The cell wall is connected by plasmodesmata which contained numerous tiny channels that allow direct exchange among group cells.

51
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed what is transformed from one form to another

52
Q

Is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cant be transformed from one form to a different one without a loss of usable energy

53
Q

What are the four phases in the complete breakdown of glucose

A

Glycolysis the first phase of the breakdown of glucose take place in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondria during glycolysis a glucose molecule is broken down into two 3 carbon private molecules
The second phase Prepatory reaction occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria during this phase pyruvate is oxidized releasing the carbon dioxide weeks he’ll when we breathe
The third phase of cellular respiration is also called the Krebs cycle
The final phase of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain which is located in the Cristae of mitochondria

54
Q

What are stomatic cells

A

On the body cells of an organism

55
Q

What are reproductive cells

A

Gamete-producing cells

56
Q

How do you somatic cells divide

A

They divide by a process called mitosis in reproductive cells divide by meosis

57
Q

Is mitosis

A

Mitosis aids in the growth and development of an organism as well as in the replacement of the old and injured cells. mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells which are identical to the parent

58
Q

Meiosis

A

produces gametes for sexual reproduction, they contain half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

59
Q

The cell cycle consists of what two stages

A

Interphase stage and mitotic stage

During G1 or gap one growth phase a cells grows and builds , carbohydrates, and lipids. During page 48

Biology (5 decks)

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