Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science half yearly year 10 > Evolution and Reproduction > Flashcards

Evolution and Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ovaries function

A

to produce eggs for fertilisation + produce hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epididymis function

A

coiled tube in which sperm mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fallopian tubes function

A

to transport sperm toward the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

seminiferous tubules function

A

produces, maintains and stores sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

uterus function

A

Accepts a fertilised egg till the baby is mature enough for birth, it is where the foetus develops during pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Male sperm are produced in the testes which are found in the scrotum. When the male is about to ejaculate sperm the penis becomes erect and the sperm is forced to travel to the uretha through the ejaculatory duct. It is mixed with fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland this mixture is called semen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are male sperm produced

A

in the testes which are found in the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens when the male is about to ejaculate sperm

A

the penis becomes erect and the sperm is forced to travel to the uretha through the ejaculator duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is semen

A

the sperm is mixed with fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland to form the mixture of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Female reproductive system

A

The female reproductive organs are called the ovaries. AT birth these contain round 1-2 million ova. After puberty, one egg ripens each month and is released- this process is called ovulation. About 500 eggs are released during a woman’s lifetime before menopause is reached, usually around the age of 50.

When an egg is released from the ovary, it travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus, the walls of which thicken after ovulation. These walls are richly supplied with blood to provide nutrients for the off if it fertilised. If no pregnancy results the uterus lining breaks down and passes out of the body as menstrual flow. The 28 day cycle of ovulation and menstruation is controlled by chemicals int he bloodstream called hormones.

The cervix is a ring of muscle at one end of the uterus where it joins with the vagina. It is here that male sperm are deposited and it is down this tube that a baby travels at birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the female reproductive organs called

A

the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

at birth how many eggs does the ovary contain

A

1-2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain ovulation

A

After puberty, one egg ripens each month and is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many eggs are released during a woman lifetime

A

around 500 eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

menopause occurs..

A

around the age of 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens when an egg is released from the ovary

A

When an egg is released from the ovary, it travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus, the walls of which thicken after ovulation. These walls are richly supplied with blood to provide nutrients for the off if it fertilised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens if no pregnancy occurs

A

If no pregnancy results the uterus lining breaks down and passes out of the body as menstrual flow. The 28 day cycle of ovulation and menstruation is controlled by chemicals int he bloodstream called hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what controls the 28 day cycle of ovulation and menstruation

A

chemicals in the bloodstream called hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the cervix

A

The cervix is a ring of muscle at one end of the uterus where it joins with the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is male sperm deposited

A

at the vagina and it travels down the fallopian tubes to the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fertilisation

A

in sexual intercourse the erect penis is inserted in the females vagina and semen is ejaculated. This contains around several hundred million sperm. The sperm swim up through the cervix and uterus to the oviducts. If a sperm and egg meet here, fertilisation occurs- the fertilised egg is called a zygote. This starts producing new cells by dividing as it travels down and embeds itself in the uterus. At this stage it is known as an embryo: after around 8 weeks when the organs have formed it is called a foetus. It gets its food and oxygen, and gets rid of waste products through an organ called the placenta: the placenta brings the blood of the foetus and the mother into close contact although they never mix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

placenta function

A

Provided the foetus with its food and oxygen, and gets rid of waste products. The placenta brings the blood of the foetus and the mother into close contact although they never mix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sexual intercourse occurs when

A

the erect penis is inserted in the females vagina and semen is ejaculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how much sperm is ejaculated

A

several hundred million sperm

25
Q

Where do the sperm swim

A

through the the cervix and uterus to the oviducts

26
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

if a sperm and egg meet at the oviducts

27
Q

what is a fertilised egg called

A

a zygote

28
Q

at what stage is an egg considered an embryo

A

This starts producing new cells by dividing as it travels down and embeds itself in the uterus.

29
Q

when is the embryo considered a foetus

A

after around 8 weeks when the organs have formed

30
Q

Birth

A

The time from conception to birth is approximately 40 weeks- this is called the gestational period. babies born before 37 weeks are said to be premature.

First the cervix widens. Then hormones cause the uterus to contract and push the baby out, normal head first. The umbilical cord connecting the baby to the placenta is cut, and the placenta is there expelled as afterbirth.

31
Q

what is the gestational period and how long does it last

A

The time from conception to birth and is approximately 40 weeks

32
Q

when is a baby considered premature

A

when a baby is born before 37 weeks

33
Q

what connects the placenta to the baby

A

umbilical cord

34
Q

what is afterbirth

A

when the placenta is expelled

35
Q

IVF stands for

A

in- vitro fertilisation

36
Q

what is ivf

A

the process of fertilising an egg with sperm outside the human body

37
Q

how does ivf work

A

1) an egg is isolated from the mother
2) sperm are analysed to determine the most likely to be successful
3) optional- gender is chosen
4) The eggs + sperm meet and the developing eggs are grown; more then one egg is often required
5) The embryo is implanted back into the mother or a surrogate (rented womb)

38
Q

how developments in technology have advanced biological understanding,

A

Ivf is a major treatment of infertility and highly utilised treatment option of assisted reproductive technology. The advances in technology over the past decade for ivf have made this route of achieving pregnancy very popular amongst patients. The development of ivf allows women to be provided with the possibility of a pregnancy when they previously might have faced difficulties.

39
Q

advantages of ivf

A

Ivf provides people who previously may have had difficulty falling pregnant to try pregnancy in a new way.
For single people and for gay people it also is a way to allow them to fall pregnant

40
Q

disadvantages of ivf

A

not morally right in some cultures
some do not have access to the technology
expenses
is not always successful

41
Q

Scientific evidence that present day organisms have evolved from organisms in the past

A

anatomy
embryology
molecular biology
fossil record

42
Q

anatomy

A

species may share similar physical features because the feature was pressed in a common ancestor (homologous structures)

43
Q

Homologous

A

homologous structures show individual variation on a common anatomical theme. These are seen in organisms that are closely related

44
Q

analogous

A

analogous structures have very different anatomies but similar functions. These are seen in organisms that are not closely related, but live in similar environments and have similar adaptions

45
Q

vestigial structures

A

vestigial structures are anatomical remnants that were very important in the organisms ancestors but are no longer use din the same way

46
Q

embryology

A

organisms that are closely related may also have physical similarities before they are even born, we can see this through embryos

47
Q

homologous embryonic structures

A

reflect that the development programs of vertebrates are variations on a similar plan that existed in their last common ancestors

48
Q

molecular biology

at the most basic level all living organisms share:

A

DNA
genetic codes- the same or highly similar
the same basic process of gene expression
the same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids

49
Q

molecular biology features suggest…

A

that all living things are descended from a common ancestor, and that this ancestor had DNA as its genetic material, used the genetic code, and expressed its genes by transcription and translation

50
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

51
Q

how do we determine the age of fossils

A

through its position and placement in the rock,

a fossil found deeper/further down in the rock will be older than one found close to the surface

this is called stratigraphy

52
Q

why are pesticides becoming more popular

A

because plants and insects are becoming resistant to the pesticides, this causes it to spread and will become a huge problem in the future, as we will no longer be able to use certain plants as they will become harmful and dangerous

53
Q

how can scientists date fossils

A

due to their positioning in the rock layers

54
Q

fossils document…

A

the existence of previous species showing that different organisms have lived on earth during different periods of the planets history

55
Q

features of natural selection

A
  • organisms with heritable features that help them survive and reproduce in a particular environment tend to leave more offspring than their peers
  • if this continues over generations the heritable features will become more common in the population
  • the population will not only evolve, but will become adapted and better suited to its environment
56
Q

environmental facors role in the survival or organisms in a population

A

environmental factors effecting population growth include nutrient, water and space availability as well as predation and disease

57
Q

variations within populations mean…

A

some members are equipped with features that allow them to be better adapted which therefore increase their survival rates and through reproduction pass these advantages through genes

58
Q

What can gene mutations do

A

they can cause gene variation, the variations often alter gene activity or protein function which can introduce different traits in an organism. If this trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation. THIS is natural selection.

Science half yearly year 10 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions