Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Stage 1 > Evolution and Genetics > Flashcards

Evolution and Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are the general principles in Malthus essay?

A

Population could grow exponentially but in practice cannot so they have to be limited by incomplete survival so there is competition between members of a population so only a fraction survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does population growth change

A

by either individuals only having a 50% chance of surviving to adulthood or only a 50% chance of surviving between breeding seasons once an adult or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is another way that stops exponential population growth?

A

some individuals are unable to find a mate or conceive as then all individuals are not reproducing at their potential rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is reproductive success?

A

the number of viable descendants produced and so is obviously zero for any individual that dies at birth or in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the fitness of an allele?

A

the number of copies in the next generation that a copy in this generation leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What will happen if an advantageous trait is produced by a recessive allele?

A

it will also become more common but the increase in frequency will be much slower than the dominant case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Group selection

A

The idea that behaviour might exist because they benefit the group not the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wynette-Edwards interpretation of reproductive restraint

A

was that if too many chicks hatch the resources will be strained which will lead to competition and could mean that the whole population would die out so populations survive better if they can restrain reproduction BUT this argument is wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

A

an ESS is a behavioural policy that once common in a population can not be out competed by any alternative behavioural policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is altruism an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)?

A

No, selfishness always outcompetes altruistic behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Kin selection

A

the idea of what extent it us adaptive for individuals to invest in copies of their genome that are inside bodies other than their own and is not just limited to parents and offspring it can also be applied to siblings and nephew etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

when calculating reproductive success of an individual we should also add in any extra reproduction by relatives that results from the individuals behaviour and adjusted by the coefficient of relatedness so reproductive success calculated is cashed inclusive fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alloparenting

A

when individuals invest in the offspring of their siblings or later offspring their parents rather than reproducing for themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Price equation

A

the evolutionary changes we should expect in a characteristic depends on the characteristics covariance with the fitness of the alleles coding for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Covariance

A

basically like a correlation: it is positive when increasing the characteristic increases fitness, negative when decreasing the characteristic decreases fitness and zero when there is no association between the characteristic and fitness so characteristic that covary positively with fitness will increase over evolutionary time etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eusociality

A

the situation where a whole colony of individuals work together to further the reproduction of one or just a few of their number for example ants and bees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intra-genomic conflict

A

when genes in the same individual can differ in fitness and can arise wherever genes can favor their interests above that of the whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Purifying selection

A

occurs when an allele that does something useful is fixed at a locus and whenever mutations arise at that locus they have lower fitness than the incumbent and thus are weeded out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stabilising selection

A

describes a situation where the current population average of the trait is also the optimum from a fitness point of view and individuals higher or lower on the trait have reduced fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Directional selection

A

leads to change in distributions of phenotype and operates wherever the optimum value of characteristic differs from the average value of characteristic in current population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which form of selection can eventually create phenotypes never seen in the ancestral population?

A

Directional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The mutation-selection balance

A

the amount of genetic variation in a characteristic in a population resulting from the interaction of the two forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms leading to the persistence of variation?

A
  1. Heterozygote advantage
  2. Negative frequency dependent selection
  3. Force of mutation
  4. Inconsistent selection
  5. Sexually antagonistic selection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

individuals with one copy of a particular allele have higher fitness than individuals with none or two copies an example is human sickle cell disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Negative frequency dependent selection

A

where a phenotype is associated with relatively high fitness when it is rare, and relatively low fitness when it is common and this then stabilises at a intermediate frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Force of mutation

A

for polygenic characteristic the effective strength of mutation is proportional to the number of genes involved as each gene has an independent chance of mutating at each generation so more variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Force of mutation

A

for polygenic characteristic the effective strength of mutation is proportional to the number of genes involved as each gene has an independent chance of mutating at each generation so more variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Inconsistent selection

A

if the selective optimum moves around then there will still be an optimum phenotype but the power of selection to counteract mutation and eliminate variation is effectively weakened because it decreases the frequency of certain alleles one year and increases them in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sexually antagonistic selection

A

the optimal phenotype may not be the same for males and females so the fate of alleles will be influenced by how they fare in both, it varies according to whether it is in a male in a female body and the net effect of sexually antagonist selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What may be an indication that selection has been at work?

A

Where there is no genetic variation in a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the adaptationist stance reason about behaviours that are commonly found in a species?

A

That that characteristic is probably an efficient design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What proximate mechanisms does natural selection favour?

A

Whichever produces the optimal phenotype with the highest reliably and smallest cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 3 main reasons why what we observe in nature may not be optimal designs?

A

Time lags
The selective regime
Genetic correlations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Time lags

A

there is always a time lag between the environment changing and the organisms design responding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The selective regime

A

organisms that live in changing environments would be expected to be able to deal with the changes through for example phenotypic plasticity - the ability for the phenotype to alter depending on the context, we may observe sub optimal before organisms adapt to be able to do this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Genetic correlations

A

changes in gene can have many different phenotypic consequences known as pleiotropy, heritable changes do not always change independently, a genetic correlation between traits is where selecting for one trait changes the population average of the other as well, this means that changes that are not fitness enhancing can evolve along with the useful ones by being genetically correlated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do we test an adaptive hypothesis?

A
  • reverse engineering and optimally models
  • Experimental manipulation and experiments of nature - comparisons between individuals with more or less of the characteristic
  • Comparative evidence - testing across different species that have experienced selection pressure to differing extents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Involves the parent individual producing an offspring that is genetically identical to itself
It is common in many single celled , fungi, plants and even a few animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

facultative sex

A

Individuals of many species are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction for example starfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

isogamy

A

means that the two gametes are the same size and there is no male or female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Anisogamy

A

when there is two strict sexes and gametes of different sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

hermaphrodites

A

they have both male and female parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Human and bird sex chromosomes

A

In humans which sex you are is determined genetically at conception- males XY and females XX
In birds it is males ZZ and females ZW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

‘Red Queen’ hypothesis

A

Being of a different biochemical makeup from other individuals of one’s population might make one less susceptible to infection so a selective advantage is having a form of reproduction that makes offspring different to their parents which is what sexual reproduction does, but sexual will be favoured by the parasite too as a way of staying ahead of the hosts immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

is a group of genes found in all vertebrates that is involved in how the immune system recognises parasites to attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Wedekind & Furi (1997)

A

Found that people prefer the scent of T-shirts that have been worn by people with MHC alleles unlike their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

In species with two sexes they often look different from each other in ways that do not follow directly from their reproductive physiologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection on the ability to gain mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Bateman’s principle

A

male reproductive success increases with each additional partner mastered to a greater extent than is true for females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The sexy son hypothesis

A

states that if there is any initial slight preference for a specific characteristic in males among females then they will co-evolve to both become greater over time as they will then give their male offspring a fitness advantage by then more likely to have that characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The good genes hypothesis

A

females choose males with the largest ornaments because those males are proving that they have the quality to do well in the current environment (hence ‘good genes’). Lower-quality males simply cannot produce signals as elaborate as those produced by higher-quality males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Bakker (1993)

A

studied sticklebacks, amongst whom red coloration is a sexually selected male ornament
He was able to measure experimentally the strength of the preference that females have for red coloration in males
He showed that the stronger a male’s red coloration, the stronger his sister’s preference for red coloration in males
This shows that the alleles for the preference and the trait are indeed assorting together, as Fisher’s model requires.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Trivers (1972)

A

pointed out that, in considering the costs and benefits of mating, what matters is the total cost to each sex of a reproductive episode, not just the cost of the gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

extra-pair matings

A

Matings that take place with a male other than the social partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Schmitt et al. (2003)

A

showed that, in 52 countries from across the globe, men express a desire for a greater number of sexual partners in the future than women, whilst women report requiring a longer period of acquaintance with a man before consenting to sex than men do for sex with a woman

56
Q

Buss (1989)

A

cross-cultural survey study, showed that, across 37 countries, women put a higher value on income in a potential mate and men a higher value on physical appearance

57
Q

How does life history theory take the adaptionist stance?

A

it assumes that alleles producing the life cycles we see in nature have out-competed alternative alleles for longer, shorter, or otherwise different life cycles

58
Q

Senescence

A

At a certain age multiple physiological processes deteriorate markedly

59
Q

Extrinsic mortality risk

A

is the probability of an individual dying in a given time period through events in the environment that they could do essentially nothing about, such as predators, fluctuations in the food supply, accidents, weather fluctuations, and so on

60
Q

‘disposable soma’ theory (Kirkwood 2008)

A

assumes that ageing, and the associated spontaneous death, arise from the accumulation of unrepaired damage to body cells

according to the disposable soma theory, reproductive success will be higher for an organism that does not repair itself perfectly, but instead uses the energy for reproduction

61
Q

Promislow & Harvey (1990

A

examined how aspects of the life cycle correlated with mortality rates in the wild across 48 species of mammal
The higher the rate of mortality, the sooner the animal matures, the larger the litter it has, and the shorter the interval until the next litter

62
Q

Migliano et al. (2007)

A

Pygmy populations live in high-disease environments such as tropical forests.
Data from several different pygmy populations revealed much harsher mortality rates than non-pygmy populations such as the Turkana and, correspondingly, the pygmy populations stopped growing sooner and reproduced earlier in life
The high risk of death in these populations has made them live fast and die (or at least start to reproduce) young

63
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

the evolved capacity of the phenotype to alter its development in response to cues during development that the world is in one state or another

64
Q

Sear et al. (2001)

A

showed that only 17% of twins survived to the age of 15 years, compared with 47% of singletons
also estimated that the rate of maternal mortality for twin mothers was two or three times that of mothers of singletons

65
Q

Helle (2008)

A

showed that every additional sibling reduced a person’s adult height by nearly half a centimetre, suggesting reduced access to resources

66
Q

Trivers–Willard hypothesis

A

If a mother is in poorer condition then she will be better of producing females as her offsprings reproductive success will be higher if they are female as they will be more likely to be able to get a male anyway
If a mother is in goof condition then she has the capacity to produce male offspring therefore she should as this higher quality male offspring will be more likely to get a mate

67
Q

What has been suggested as a reason for the gradual decline of male humans born in recent decades in Western countries?

A

Dieting and changes in women’s eating habits

68
Q

matriline

A

mother’s parents and their relatives

69
Q

patriline

A

father’s parents and their relatives

70
Q

Benefits of group living

A 
Reduction in the risk from predators (dilution, more chance of an individual seeing the predator, attacking back or confusing predator with mass movement)
Joint foraging 
Defence of territory 
Care of offspring 
Information transfer
71
Q

Costs of group living

A

Increased transmission of infectious disease

Feeding competition

72
Q

Monogamy

A

both males and females have one mate

73
Q

Polygyny

A

a male mates with several females, but each female only has one mate

74
Q

Polyandry

A

a female mates with several males, but each male only has one mate

75
Q

Promiscuity

A

any female may mate with any male

76
Q

What are the different types of social systems?

A

Solitary systems
One male, one female
One male, multiple females
Multiple males, multiple females

77
Q

female philopatry

A

Females in a group being closely related due to staying in their natal groups
This increases the benefits of group living as kin selection means every female has a positive genetic interest in all the young, and collective care and even nursing of offspring may result

78
Q

Social brain hypothesis

A

The idea that maintaining social relationships requires devoted brain mechanisms
Predicts that social species will have larger brains than non-social ones

79
Q

What do primates show about the social-brain hypothesis?

A

Solitary and monogamous primates have the smallest relative brain size, whilst primates in multiple male, multiple female groups have the largest relative brain size
Across the monkeys and apes, there is a linear positive correlation between relative brain size and social group size

80
Q

As the neocortex ratio in primates is generally correlated with group size what size group can we predict humans to live in?

A

150

Dunbar (1993) reviewed a number of documented hunter-gatherer societies and showed that the mean size of their bands was indeed around 150

81
Q

Murdock 1967

A

Cross-cultural survey estimated that 82% of human societies were polygynous, about 17% monogamous, and only about 1% polyandrous

82
Q

virilocality

A

Wives moving to be near their husbands’ families

83
Q

uxorilocality

A

husbands moving to be near their wives’ families

84
Q

neolocal

A

couples establish households in new locations that are away from both sets of parents

85
Q

cooperation

A

behaviours that provide benefits to individuals other than the individual carrying out the behaviour

86
Q

mutual-benefit behaviours

A

where the behaviour positively affects the lifetime reproductive success of the recipient and also positively affects the lifetime reproductive success of the actor

87
Q

direct reciprocity

A

Individual A helps individual B in some way, and individual B returns the favour to individual A at some later point
Both can end up better off

88
Q

indirect reciprocity

A

idea that it might be advantageous to help individuals who we have seen helping others in the past, even if that help was not specifically directed to us
payback for being helpful to individual A is not that individual A will necessarily return the favour, but rather that by helping A, I will gain a good reputation, in virtue of which others might bestow benefits on me

89
Q

Wedekind & Milinski (2000) indirect reciprocity

A

Lab study
the actor could view how often that person had given to other group members in the past

Participants more generous in bestowing benefits also received more benefit, and not especially from those to whom they had given but from everyone.

90
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability of the phenotype to alter in response to experience

91
Q

Robust behaviours

A

they develop in much the same way across a wide variety of environmental contexts

92
Q

Plastic behaviours

A

their form is altered in specific ways by environmental input

93
Q

What are the conditions where plasticity will emerge (be adaptively favoured?)

A
  1. Population must have encountered a range of environmental variation over its evolutionary history
  2. There must be different optimal phenotypes in different environments
  3. The mapping between the environment and the optimal phenotype must be consistent. For example, it is always optimal to have a darker skin where the sunlight is stronger and a paler one where it is less strong
  4. There must be reliable cues available of what state the environment is in (what the level of sunlight is going to be) for the organism to exploit in triggering the phenotypic change
94
Q

developmental induction

A

Examples of plasticity where exposure to a cue or cues early in life induces a permanent change in the phenotype

95
Q

Social learning

A

Learning from what other individuals do

96
Q

Benefit of social learning

A

Allows individual to get information without having to go through the costly trial and error stage to learn it for themselves

97
Q

Cost of social learning

A

What the other individuals are doing may not be the most beneficial behaviour for the current environment, they may be wrong

98
Q

Rogers 1988; Boyd & Richerson 1995 model on social and individual learning

A

The theory examines two alternative strategies: individual learning (finding out through one’s own trial and error what behaviours work in the current environment) and social learning (copying others). The models assume that there is some cost c of individual learning. This reflects the time, energy, and danger of doing one’s own trial and error. Social learning saves this cost. The models also assume that the environment also changes occasionally, so what was the best behaviour to perform in the past becomes obsolete and some other behaviour becomes locally correct. A potential problem with social learning is that the model from which one learns might have an obsolete behaviour.

99
Q

What are the key predictions of the Rogers 1988; Boyd & Richerson 1995 theory?

A

The first is that the more costly it is to learn for oneself, the more advantageous social learning becomes
The second prediction is more surprising, when social learning is rare (i.e. most of the population is learning individually), it can be extremely advantageous, but as social learning becomes more common, its advantage reduces, and when everyone is learning socially, it is always better to learn individually

The third prediction of the models is that social learning is most useful for aspects of the environment that change at an intermediate rate⎯slow relative to an individual’s lifespan, but fast relative to evolutionary time

100
Q

Cumulative cultural evolution

A

human cultural traditions involve every generation adding to and improving the effectiveness of the behaviour
It is very rare in nature

101
Q

Caldwell & Millen (2008)

A

Spaghetti towers

102
Q

Baldwin effect

A

Has two stages

In the first stage, a capacity to learn completes a gap in a genetically specified system, making that system beneficial and promoting the spread of the alleles underlying it. In the second stage, genetic assimilation, subsequent genetic mutations fill the gap in the system and remove the necessity for learning to be involved. The second stage may or may not follow the first; if the costs of learning are low enough, learning may remain involved.

103
Q

Two part species naming classification system

A

First: capitalised, represents genus
Second: not capitalised, representing the species within the genus

104
Q

Species

A

Reproductive isolation, two different species can not interbreed to create fertile offspring

105
Q

What is generally accepted about our species name Homo sapiens?

A

That it is first applied to fossils from Africa which date from within the last 200,000 years

106
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus do?

A

Invent the two name species classification and the hierarchal classification system

107
Q

Monophyletic

A

A taxonomic unit should be monophyletic, meaning it should contain an ancestor and all of its descendants

108
Q

shared derived characters

A

Unique to the descendants of each branch on the phylogeny
These characters stem from evolutionary events that occurred in the period immediately prior to each hypothesized branching

109
Q

Parsimony

A

The most parsimonious phylogeny is the one that assumes the smallest number of evolutionary events

110
Q

Molecular clock

A

since much molecular change is neutral, and since the probability of mutation should be about the same in each generation, then molecular differences between two lineages will accumulate at a roughly constant rate over time

111
Q

How many species do the primates consist of?

A

As many as 400

112
Q

When is it estimated that current primates diverged from their closest non-primate relatives?

A

About 80 million years ago

113
Q

What are the first primate phylogeny branches?

A

The strepsirrhines and haplorrhines

114
Q

What are the first branches of monkeys and apes?

A

Platyrrhines and catarrhines

Branching estimated at 40 million years ago

115
Q

Brachiation

A

mode of locomotion involving swinging from branch to branch using only the arms

116
Q

What great ape are humans most closely related to?

A

Not equally related to lo great apes
Most closely related to chimpanzees
With level of similarity up to 99% resemblance in aligned DNA sequence
Separation of chimpanzees and humans is thought to be around 5-7 million years ago

117
Q

What are hominins?

A

Intermediate species between the chimpanzees and humans

Variety of different genus and species names but collective name is hominins

118
Q

What is the general name given to hominins dating around 4 million to 1 million years ago?

A

australopithecines

119
Q

When are the first fossils that researchers agree apply the genus name Homo dated from?

A

2.5 million years ago

120
Q

What is the estimated time period of Neanderthals?

A

300,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago

121
Q

Pleistocene climate

A

was characterized by repeated and relatively fast oscillations between warm, wet climates (interglacials) and glacial periods in which the temperate latitudes had ice ages and the tropics became relatively arid

122
Q

Holocene

A

current relatively warm period, starting 10,000 years ago

123
Q

What gene mutation is thought to be related to language in humans ?

A

FOXP2 gene
Humans who have problems with this Hebe problems with language comprehension no production
This is only present in humans and lacking in apes

124
Q

Mismatch hypotheses

A

Arguments based on the idea that we are adapted to past environments but not the current one

125
Q

What are Tinbergen’s 4 questions?

A
  1. Proximate causation or proximate mechanism
  2. Ultimate causation or function
  3. Ontogeny or developmental course
  4. Phylogeny or evolutionary history
126
Q

Proximate causation or proximate mechanism

A

What are the events preceding the behavi- our that contribute to its occurrence? These events could be external causes, such as a particular state of the environment which triggers the behaviour, or internal causes, such as particular hormones or parts of the brain that are involved

127
Q

Ultimate causation or function

A

What are the effects of performing the behaviour on repro- ductive success and, thus, why has natural selection retained the ability to perform that behaviour?

128
Q

Ontogeny or developmental course

A

How does this behaviour develop over the course of the individual’s life?

129
Q

Phylogeny or evolutionary history

A

When in the history of that species did the capacity to produce this behaviour evolve?

130
Q

What are the two main classes of phenotypic plasticity that may underlie cross-cultural differences?

A

Evoked culture

Transmitted culture

131
Q

Evoked culture

A

The idea of evoked culture is that natural selection has produced animals able to exhibit the best phenotype for the environment they find themselves in, across several different environments

132
Q

Transmitted culture

A

refers to inter-population differences that are the result of generations of social learning, with each generation learning from and modifying the norms of the previous one, who in turn learned from the previous one, and so on

133
Q

Issues with evolutionary psychology

A
  1. Time (evolution can occur a lot more quickly than once thought)
  2. Variety of past environments
  3. Diversity of human social organisation
  4. Nature of human adaptations
  5. Nature of the current environment
134
Q

Human behavioural ecology

A

Main focus has been in how the behaviour seen in various non-Western societies can be understood as an adaptive response to local ecological conditions
Adaptationist approach

135
Q

Gene-culture co-evolution

A

Also known as dual-inheritance theory or cultural evolution
Idea that humans have evolved capacities to use social learning to obtain locally appropriate behaviour
Adaptationist approach - ability to learn socially increases fitness

Psychology Stage 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions