evolution and classificatiib

Question 1

Fossils provide strong evidence that organisms have evolved over time. Describe other types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. (6)

Answer 1

1. differences in genetics
2. diffferences in base order
   3.cytochrome c
3. difference in amino acid order
4. similarities of above mean close relationship
5. similarties in physiology

Question 2

Explain what the sketch shows about the relationship between organisms A, B, C, and D.

Answer 2

B and C and D are more closely related (to each other than to A) ;
2 idea that A is in different (taxonomic) group (from other 3) ; ora

3 B and C and D , share more , recent common ancestor ;
4 phylogeny / evolution , of B and C and D diverged at

Question 3

Explain how the structure of DNA allows replication. (5)

Answer 3

1. doiuble stranded
2. both strands act as a template
3. h bonds between complemtary base pairs break
4. purines to pyramidnes
5. 3 h bonds between C +G 2 H bonds between A +T

Question 4

State the name given to the evolution of a new species. (1)

Answer 4

speciation

Question 5

State the meaning of the term phylogeny and explain how phylogeny is related to classification. (3)

Answer 5

1. phylogeny is evolutiomary relationships between organisms
2. phylogeny is study of closeness of evolutioanry rekationships
3. phylogeny is basis on classification
4. closer the evolutionary relationship closer the grouping

Question 6

Living organisms can also be classified into three groups called domains.
Outline the features of this system of classification compared with the five kingdom system. (3)

Answer 6

1. based on differences in dna
2. domain divides prokaryote into eubacteria and archaea due to their differences e.g due to difference in synethesizinf enzymes for rna and dif cell memebrane structures
3. domain refelcts the fact that there are similarities between eukaryotic kingdoms

Question 7

Describe how it is possible to confirm, over a longer period of time, whether two
organisms belong to different species or the same species. (2)

Answer 7

1. interbreed
2. determine if offspring are fetile

Question 8

The soprano pipistrelle has an echolocation call that is ‘high pitched’ (between 52 and 60 kHz). The common pipistrelle has an echolocation call that is ‘low pitched’ (between 42 and 47 kHz).
Variation within and between species can be as a result of genetic or environmental factors. Whatever the causes of variation, the type of variation displayed can occur in two different forms.
Using the pipistrelle as an example, describe the key features of both forms of variation. (7)

Answer 8

1. continuose :
   - effcet if mnay genese
   quantative - intermediate values/ - no distinct group e.g ,ass
2. discontinuous
   - effect of one gene
   - little/ no environmental effect
   - no intermedidates / discrete categories e.g coloir

Question 9

The system of classifying organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics is called …………………………………………….. Organisms are classified into large groups which are then subdivided into increasingly smaller groups. A system such as this is called a ……………………………………………. . The term that describes the evolutionary relationship between organisms is ……………………………………………. .

Answer 9

1. taxonomy
2. hierachy
3. phylogeny

Question 10

Species that are more closely related in evolutionary terms have more genes in common than species that are less closely related.
Using the information provided, suggest the likely genetic relationship between the three parrot species. )4)
* kaka (Nestor meridionalis)
* kea (Nestor notabilis)
* kakapo (Strigops habroptila)

Answer 10

1. all in same family clsoley related
2. kaka and kea are same genus so more closley related
3. genetic similaritiyes
4. all are different enough to be classed as a diff species

Question 10

Species that are more closely related in evolutionary terms have more genes in common than species that are less closely related.
Using the information provided, suggest the likely genetic relationship between the three parrot species. )4)
* kaka (Nestor meridionalis)
* kea (Nestor notabilis)
* kakapo (Strigops habroptila)

Answer 10

1. all in same family clsoley related
2. kaka and kea are same genus so more closley related
3. genetic similaritiyes
4. all are different enough to be classed as a diff species

Question 11

Define the term variation. (2)

Answer 11

differences between species

Question 12

Suggest two reasons why the kakapo varies in size. (2)

Answer 12

genetic difference adn environent different
inherited differences
different alleles

Question 13

Suggest two reasons why the reported mass range for the adult kakapo may not be accurate. (2)

Answer 13

1. only small number may ahve been sampled
2. indvidukas sampled may nit eb reoresentative of population

Question 14

At some point in the past, distinct species of New Zealand parrot are likely to have arisen from an original ancestral population.
State the name of the process by which new species arise and suggest the mechanisms necessary for this process to occur. 3

Answer 14

1. speciation
2. isolation
3. further detail of isolating mechansim
4. mutation
5. natural selection
6. diff selction pressures
7. time to allow change in pop

Question 15

How does fossil evidence support the idea that evolution has taken place? (3)

Answer 15

1. fossils show that organisms have changed over time
2. fossils or rocks can be dated
3. fossils showing intermediate forms

Question 16

Suggest two undesirable consequences of selective breeding in chickens. (2)

Answer 16

1. reduce gene pool
2. abnormailioy
3. growth to rapid
4. interbreeding

Question 17

When antibiotic growth promoters were used, it was claimed that the meat was of better quality, with less fat and increased protein content.
Suggest two further benefits of using antibiotics. (2)

Answer 17

• reduces infectious diseases
• digest food more easily and qucikly
• reduce risk of trasnmitting pathogens to humans

Question 18

xThe use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal production was banned in the European Union in 2006.
Suggest a concern that led to this ban

Answer 18

resistance
could kill useful bacteria

Question 19

define the term classification

Answer 19

1. placing organisms into groups based off on simialrities and differecnes

Question 20

Suggest what criteria a taxonomist may take into account when classifying a new species.

Answer 20

1. anatomy/ observed features
2. biochemsitry /cytochrom c
3. physiology / behaviour
4. phylogeny

Question 21

The classification of organisms into domains is relatively new.
Describe the differences between a classification system based on domains and one based
on kingdoms. (4)

Answer 21

1. 3 domain and 5 kingdoms
2. domains are eubacteria and archaeabacteria and eukarya
3. kingdoms are prokarytoes , protocists , fungi , plants , animals
4. eukaryotes are split into diff kingdoms
5. prokaryotes split into different domains
6. domainnclassifcation based on membrane structures and protein synthesis