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Evolution And Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Descent with modification

A

Principle that each living species has descended, from other species over time

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2
Q

What was George’s Cuvier belief about evolution?

A

Using the fossil record to show that organisms changed over time and that they become extinct

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3
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

It is a principle that states geological change which occurs suddenly

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4
Q

What did Lamarck believe?

A

He believed evolution by transformation. That organisms never become extinct but over time they become better species, and offspring inherit characteristics from their parents

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5
Q

Give an example of evolution by transformation

A

Giraffes neck

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6
Q

What is the law of use and disuse?

A

If a trait is not used it will be lost

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7
Q

What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Offspring inherit characteristics from parents

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8
Q

What did Darwin believe?

A

Natural selection, survival of the fittest

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9
Q

What is an example of modification with descent?

A

Galapagos finches

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10
Q

What did Malthus believe about the struggle for survival?

A

Animal populations will exceed resources, individuals with advantageous adaptations will outcompete others and produce more offspring

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11
Q

Why was Darwin’s theory of natural selection different to Malthus?

A

Because Darwin believed everything was descendants from the same ancestor rather than seperate

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12
Q

What was the problem with Darwin’s theory?

A

He didn’t know how inheritance worked

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13
Q

How are adaptations and variations inherited?

A

Recombination and mutation provides the variation within a species

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14
Q

What is an example of natural selection?

A

Industrial melanism in peppered moths

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15
Q

What is maladaptive?

A

Adaptation that doesn’t benefit

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16
Q

What is fitness?

A

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

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17
Q

What is function?

A

The survival benefit of an adaptation

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18
Q

What are secondary sex traits?

A

Changed in the body that are not part of reproduction

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19
Q

What is the parental investment theory?

A

Any investment made from the parent that benefits their current offspring at the expense of future offspring

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20
Q

What did trivers believe about parental investment theory?

A

The sex that has less investment will have to compete to mate with the opposite sex

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21
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Members of the same sex competing for mates

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22
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Individuals of the 1 sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex

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24
Q

Why are organisms choosy when picking a mate?

A
  1. Direct phenotypic benefits
  2. Sensory bias hypothesis
  3. fisherman runway
  4. Indicator traits
  5. Genetic compatibility
25
Direct phenotypic benefits..
Traits that can be outwardly observed and make a potential mate more attractive by indicating the potential mate will have more viable offspring that another
26
An example of direct phenotypic benefits?
Male damselfish defend permanent territory, females chose based on this
27
What is sensory bias?
When Female mating preferences may be by-products of selection on sensory systems and mates evolve traits to exploit this bias
28
Give and example of sensory bias..
Swordtails and platyfish, females prefer males with artificial swords
29
What’s fisherian runway?
When male ornamentation is a result of female preference for mates with the most exaggerated ornaments. Due to this ornamentation becomes more exaggerated
30
What is a weakness of ornamentation?
Exaggerated ornaments can impact natural selection
31
An example of fisherian runway and ornamentation..
Peacocks
32
What is the sexy son hypothesis?
When females optimal choice among mates is a male who’s genes will produce male offspring with the best chance of reproductive sucess
33
Indicators traits and handicaps
Reliable signs must be costly to signaller,only high quality individuals can afford the cost of the signal
34
What is sexual dimorphism?
Differences between sexes in secondary sexual characteristics e.g-feather colour between males and females
35
What is the lek?
It is the location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex
36
Why do leks form?
1. Males go where most females are 2. Aggregation reduces predation 3. Aggregation increases attraction rate 4. Females prefer aggregation for mates choice
37
What are theories of adaptation?
1. Natural selection 2. Creationism 3. Lamarckian
38
Coadaptations
Are complex adaptations which are a result of multiple compatible changes at the same time
39
Preadaptations
Are adaptations in an ancestral group that allow a shift to new functions which are later favored by natural selection
40
An example of preadaptation
Vertebrate invasion of land, lobe-finned fish were pre-adapted for life on land
41
Exaptations
A character that performs a different function to when it was first evolved
42
Spandrels
Side effects of adaptation that may be beneficial for the organism
43
Example of a spandrel
Large brain size in humans, evolved for gathering berries but now can be used to appreciate art or science ect
44
The biological species concept
Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
45
What are the different species concepts?
1. Biological species concept 2. Recognition species concept 3. Phenetic species concept
46
Speciation
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
47
How do new species form?
1. Allopathic speciation 2. Parapatric speciation 3. Sympathetic speciation
48
Allopathic speciation
New species form due to initial geographic isolation or separation
49
Cline
A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis
50
Example of allopathic speciation and clines
Warblers on the Tibetan plateau
51
Assertive mating
Mating of individuals with similar phenotypes -eg: big males mate with big females
52
Founder event
Occurs when a group starts a new population in a new area
53
Parapatric speciation
New species found adjacent to another, a new niche is found and exploited with different selection pressures within it, there is no physical barrier between populations
54
Stepped cline
Discontinuous variation among one or more characters over a geographic area
55
Hybrid zones
Zones where 2 populations can interbreed but are on the edge of becoming 2 separate species
56
Sympatric speciation
Speciation without a divided population

MBIO161 (4 decks)

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