Evolution Flashcards
______ is the process of change in all forms of life over generations.
Evolution
_____ means the development of an organism from previous forms.
Evolution
_____ contain the codes for different traits, this dictates how they will or will not develop and behave.
Genes
_____ are passed on from generations, but with slightly different changes leading to slightly different organisms.
Genes
Evolution occurs when the change in frequency of the trait persists for more than _____ generation.
One
Darwin, in 1838 and 1859, suggested a consistent theory of evolution, the theory of evolution by means of _____ _____.
Natural Selection
The idea of natural selection is simple: The survival of the _____. Those who are the _____ adapt the best, more likely to stay alive longer therefore increasing the chances of successful reproduction.
Fittest
Variations are due to _____ (one’s specific genes,) which under the influence of the environment, contribute to different _____ (physical properties: appearance, development, and behavior)
Genotypes / Phenotypes
_____: changes in genetic variation within a population.
Mutation
_____ _____ is a neutral variation that has no effect on an organism’s survival. The effects are more easily seen in smaller populations.
Genetic drift
We only share about __% differences in DNA vs chimpanzees.
2%
_____ can occur through copying errors of genetic material during cell division (reproduction), exposure to radiation, chemical mutagens or viruses.
Mutations
Genetic _______ is a process which a strand of DNA (sometimes RNA) breaks and joins a different DNA molecule. This can lead to different combinations of genes from their parents.
Recombination
_____ drift (allelic drift) is the relative change in frequency in which an allele(gene variation) occurs in a population. This is not due to environmental pressures. These can be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to reproductive success. This effect is mostly irrelevant in larger populations, though crucial in smaller populations.
Genetic
_____ _____ (population migration) is the transfer of alleles from one population to another. Immigration adds new genetic variants to the established gene pool of a population. If the allele becomes popular enough in population 1 and 2. Then they will become a single population.
Gene flow
Genetic _____ creates speciation (more distinct) in smaller populations. While genetic _____ does the opposite.
Drift / Flow
Reproduction: The main two mechanisms are _____- halving the number of chromosomes, and _____- a fusion of two gametes, one from each parent, restoring the original number of chromosomes.
Meiosis / Fertilization
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are _____.
Eukaryotes
______ is asexual reproduction where eggs develop without fertilization.
Parthenogenesis
Mutations, recombinations, gene drift, and gene flow, as well as sexual reproduction, create _____. This creates some organisms that will be a better fit for the next generation.
Variation
A _____ reproducing population can respond quicker to environmental changes than parthenogenesis allows.
Sexually
Darwin suggested some traits were passed on not for survivability, but due to chances of _____.
Mating
Sexual selection states that certain traits derive from one or several factors:
- _____ fighting to gain access to females
- Females preventing other females from access to _____.
- Females showing a definite _____in a partner.
- Males 2. Males 3. Choice
Secondary sexual traits and _____ are traits selected for their mating advantages (horns, antlers, over-diminished fangs, large breasts)
Ornaments
_____ selection, usually among males, is the direct competition between members of one sex for mates.
Intrasexual
_____ selection is a non-arbitrary (not subject to individual determination) choice of a mate. Females often prefer males with ornaments, exaggerated anatomical features (like the famous tail of a peacock)
Intersexual
______ may be anatomical, physiological, or behavioral.
Adaptations
______ adaptation, where some organisms are better than others in dealing with their environment.
Phenotypic
_______ mimicry is the process in which two or more species evolve very similar features, which function as anti-predation signals, and both have the anti-predation attributes. (Ex: high jumps with stiff legs, arched back, spots similar to poisonous prey of the same predator)
Mullerian
__-_____ is when the process in which adaptations of one species are followed by the adaptations of another species who depends on the first. Flowering plants, needing pollination, and insects are good examples.
Co-evolution
Nature shows two distinct strategies. Born with ability to _____ the environment, but poor with sudden changes. Or a lack of innate skills, they must learn, but are more ______ to changes in their environment.
Handle / Resistant
_____ fitness (Darwinian fitness) describes genotypes average contribution to the next generation in relation to the contributions of other genotypes in the same population.
Relative
_____ Fitness (Malthusian parameter when used with populations) describes the absolute contribution to the next generation by a genotype.
Absolute
_____: When a species of a population has a higher rate of death over birth due to the lack of adapting quickly enough.
Extinction
Specializations are great for stable environments but _____ in changeable conditions. While flexibility is good for natural variance, they are lesser to a specialist in a stable environment.
Fatal
_____ occurs when a trait originally adapted for one function becomes useful for another function. Human fingers didn’t develop for the use of computers, but became useful for this purpose.
Exaptation
Survival is not the only thing, you must be successful in _____. Natural selection and sexual selection are two sides of the same process.
Reproducing
Natural selection follows three simple facts:
_____: (heritable) variation exists within populations of organisms.
Variation
Natural selection follows three simple facts:
_____ or replication: Some traits pass from parents to offspring.
Heredity
Natural selection follows three simple facts:
_____ fitness: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive or reproduce (survival of the fittest, or best fitted)
Differential
The struggle for survival naturally creates _____.
Competition
_____ is the process for a living organism to regulate their internal environment. This is to optimize survival and other functions like reproduction.
Homeostasis
_____ is the process by which living organisms structure themselves in one or more cells. Cells > Tissues > Etc.
Organization
A _____ is a unit of cultural ideas, symbols, or practices and gets transmitted from one mind to another through behavior (speech, gestures, rituals, or anything imitable.)
Meme
The five-kingdom system of classification: _____ Kingdom (Animalia), _____ (Plantae), Fungi, Protista, and Monera.
Animal / Plant
The animal kingdom has three subkingdoms. _____ (sponges), _____ (wormlike parasites), and _____ (metazoans - including fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals)
Parazoa / Mesozoa / Eumetazoa
_____ from Greek (arrangement + method) defines and names groups of organisms according to shared characteristics and evolutionary history.
Taxonomy
A _____ is a basic unit of living organisms, a taxonomic level.
Species
A _____ is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
Species
_____ in sexual organisms occur when two genetic groups no longer interbreed due to one or more various reasons.
Speciation
_____ Speciation: A rapid speciation within small breed populations that are not completely isolated genetically or spatially.
Stasipatric
_____ Speciation: Two populations of the same species become isolated due to geographical changes. This way they adapt to new environments. Genetic drift will also contribute to greater variation. After time, if connected again, may be unable to interbreed.
Allopatric
_____ Speciation: Gene drift plays an important role. There is partial isolation from the main group resulting in two different gene pools within the larger population.
Peripatric
_____ Speciation: partial isolation of two populations with only sporadic contact. These hybrids cause selective pressure preventing breeding across the two populations, eventually separating into their own populations.
Parapatric
_____ Speciation: When behavior prevents interbreeding, there are no biological reasons they could not. One example of this could be breeding based on appearance.
Sympatric
_____ Speciation: caused by human intervention and domestication where some species cannot breed with their parental species.
Artificial
