EVOLUTION

Question 1

2 TYPES OF EVOLUTION

Answer 1

1: Development
2: Acclimation: response to changing environment conditions

Question 2

EVOLUTION

Answer 2

Change in the genetic makeup of population overtime

Populations evolve individuals don’t

Question 3

ARISTOTLE

Answer 3

Species don’t change over time.

Natural order exists in the world and does not change

Question 4

PLATO

Answer 4

All objects can be represented by ideals from.

Variation between individuals represent a deviation from ideal form

Question 5

JEAN LAMARCK

Answer 5

2 driving forces in evolution

1: LINEAR FORCE
Evolution toward increased complexity and perfection
This is driven by some internal in all living things

2: LATERAL FORCE
- organism have features that suit them to where and how they live
- mechanism for adaptation is use am disuse of parts
- Body parts that develop in a certain way during an individual’s life are passed to its offspring

Question 6

CHARLES DARWIN

Answer 6

• Sailed around the world in the 1830 as a naturalist on the beagle
• proposed a mechanism for evolution in 1830’s
• continued to develop collect evidence for evolution for 20 years
• 1858: Alfred Wallace developed the same idea as Darwin
• THE ORGIN OF THE SPECIES published in 1859

Question 7

DARWIN WAS INFLUENCED BY TWO IDEAS

Answer 7

1: UNIFORMITARIANISM: world is under constant slow change
Large change can occur over long periods of of time

2: ESSAY ON POPULATIONS: 1798 THOMAS MALTHUS
human populations grow faster than resource supplies

 When populations are stable individuals suffer from lack or   resources

Question 8

DARWINS MECHANISM FOR EVOLUTION: THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

Answer 8

OBSERVATIONS:

1: All organisms can reproduce at an exponential rate
2: Population do not increase exponentially
3: Resources are limited these ideas of Malthus apply to natural populations
4: Individuals in populations vary in a number of traits
5: Some variability is inherited

Question 9

Conclusion 1

Answer 9

There is a struggle for existence between organisms within every species

Question 10

Conclusion 2.

Answer 10

The ability to survive is related to variation in different traits. Individuals with traits that allow them to survive in particular situations pass these traits to their offspring

Question 11

Conclusion 3

Answer 11

The ability to survive is related to variation in different traits. Individuals with traits that allow them to survive in particular situations pass these traits to their offspring. Conclusion 3:Over many generations populations evolve, adapting to their environment.Populations of the same species, in different environments, will evolve into different species

Question 12

Conclusion 4:

Answer 12

Applying the concept of Uniformitarianism: All species have evolved from a common ancestral species

Theory does not explain were new variation comes from

Question 13

Impact of Darwin’s ideas

Answer 13

Branching pattern of evolution – all living things evolved from a common ancestor.Non-constancy of species.Struggle for existence is a dominant force in nature

Question 14

Random events

Answer 14

1. New variation.
2. Presence of organism in particular environments

The success of an organism is partly a random event.

Question 15

Evidence for Evolution

Answer 15

artificial selection: organisms can be bred to look different.
biogeography: Because they share a common ancestor, organisms from one region are more similar to each other than organisms from other regions

Question 16

fossil record

Answer 16

Fossils are not arranged at random
Fossils of recent origin resemble organisms living in the region.
Groups of organisms are found in similar aged rock layers in different places.

Question 17

Comparative anatomy

Answer 17

Related organisms are built from the same basic parts.

Question 18

Homologous structures

Answer 18

body parts similar in structure but can be functionally different (i.e, from a common ancestor).

Question 19

Analogous structures:

Answer 19

body parts different in their basic in structure but functionally similar (from different ancestors).

Question 20

Vestigial (non-functional) organs.

Answer 20

Organisms retain body parts of ancestors even when they are not used

Question 21

Molecular biology

Answer 21

Evolutionary relationships can be determined from the chemical or genetic similarity of organisms

Question 22

Coevolution:

Answer 22

organisms that rely on one another show similar evolutionary patterns. Example: lice on mammals

Question 23

Traditional Arguments against evolution

Answer 23

There have been disagreements about:The facts of evolution: the evolution of particular organismsThe mechanism of evolution:Does evolution occur by natural selection?

Question 24

Traditional Arguments against evolution

Answer 24

1. Lack of intermediate forms in the fossil record

2. Dilution of favourable traits. New traits should be lost by cross breeding. Example: Tall plants

Question 25

3. Blind watchmaker

Answer 25

1.Mutation is a random process.
2.Complex structures require many mutations.
3.It is highly unlikely (impossible) for random mutations to create complex structures.
the evolution of complex structures is possible if intermediate structures are preserved

4. Irreducible complexity Incomplete structures are not useful and complete structures are too complex to evolve in a single step.However, Some incomplete structure can be useful.As they evolve, structures change their function.

Question 26

How could each component of photosynthesis evolve without all the other components being presen

Answer 26

Chlorophyll like pigments may have evolved to detect photons from deep sea vents

Bacteria need to be close to vents