Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Occurs as a result of an increase in those genes that allow individuals in a population to better survive and reproduce in a changing environment

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2
Q

What is fitness

A

A measure of an organisms ability to maximize the numbers of offspring surviving to reproductive age

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of universality of adaptation

A

1) life occurs essentially everywhere in and in the earth
2) each species is adapted to its own niche
3) without adaptations species become extinct

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4
Q

What are the different types of adaptation

A
Preclation
Colouration
Mimicry 
Warning colouration
Morphology
Behavioural
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5
Q

What is preclation?

A

Protection against predators

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6
Q

What is colouration

A

Works for both predator and prey, this is when an organism blends into its environment

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7
Q

What is warning colouration?

A

Exists in animals that produce toxins or some other defence mechanism, acts as a warning for predators

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8
Q

What is mimicry?

A

A defenceless animal takes on a physical likeness to an animals that has qualities that a predator knows to avoid

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9
Q

What is morphology?

A

Physical attributes that help species survive

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10
Q

What is behavioural adaptations

A

Changing behaviour depending on season

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11
Q

What are the different types of natural selection?

A
Directional
Disruptive
Stabilizing
Sexual 
Genetic drift
Genetic bottlenecks 
Founder affect
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12
Q

What is directional selection?

A

A populations genetic variance shifts towards a new phenotype when exposed to environmental change

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13
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Extreme values for a trait are favoured over intermediate

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14
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

Genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes around one certain trait

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15
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Differential reproductive success aided by variation in the ability to obtain mates, resulting in sexual dimorphism and matin courtship behaviours

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16
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Changes to the allele frequency as a result of chance, such changes are more pronounced in small populations, the prevalence of a certain allele can become very prominent or extinct over a small number of generations

17
Q

What is genetic bottlenecks?

A

A dramatic, often temporary reduction in population size usually resulting in dementia drift

18
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals spectate from their original population and establish a new population

19
Q

What is speciation?

A

When all members of a population can interbreed, populations of different species don’t exchange genetic information

20
Q

What is modes of speciation?

A

In order for a new species to form, the original species must evolve enough to create a new interbreeding population

21
Q

I hat is prezygotic?

A

Habitat, mating season (before)

22
Q

What is postzygotic?

A

(After) zygote can mortality, hybrid unavailability

23
Q

What is allopathic speciation?

A

The formation of a new species as a result of evolutionary changes following a period, once separated can no longer exchange genetic info

24
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

The evolution of populations within the same geographic area into deprecate species

25
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species filling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches
Ex- finches

26
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

In any ecosystem there’s a umber of roles to be filled. These roles are never filled by one species. Causes large scale evolution of a group into many different forms

Outcome 1: completion between species
Outcome 2: increase in biodiversity as species evolve to fill available niches

27
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

When species are places under different types of pressure it causes divergent evolution

28
Q

Practise question: evolution will be able to compensate for the ongoing problem of rapidly decreasing species diversity. Respond the this statement

A
  • Agree or disagree?
  • Evolution doesn’t occur rapidly
  • Stabilizing selection -natural selection
  • Major events affect evolution
  • Mutations in bigger population/ more diverse will have more
  • Artificial selection
  • Definition of a species
  • Speciation
  • make connection to other units (biodiversity) to show how it’s effected
  • How humans affect this - hunting, changing environment (global warming)
29
Q

What is coevolution?

A

Species are constantly evolving, other species therefore evolve to changes made

30
Q

What is macro evolution?

A

Large scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species and toxins

31
Q

What is micro evolution

A

Small scale evolution.

32
Q

What is abiogenesis?

A

Origin of life from a non living matter

33
Q

What is cladistics?

A

A method of determining evolutionary relationships based on the presents or absence of recently evolved traits