Evolution

Question 0

Define ontogeny

Answer 0

Sequential expression within an individual in response to environments similar, though not necessarily identical to the original selecting criteria

Question 1

Define evolution

Answer 1

Sequential consolidation of gene modifications that occur during ontogeny and subsequently survive successive exposure to selection criteria at the population level

Question 2

Monophyletic group

Answer 2

Includes a hypothetical common ancestor, plus all of the defendant species

Question 3

Paraphyletic group

Answer 3

Includes some but not all descendant species from one or more common ancestor

Question 4

Apomorphies

Answer 4

Derived morphological traits that carry reliable information about phylogenetic relationships

Question 5

Plesiomorphies

Answer 5

Primitive morphological traits inherited from common but distant and typically shared by many other species

Question 6

Homology

Answer 6

Shared ancestry between a pair of structures/genes, in different species

Question 7

Analogy

Answer 7

Similar structures arise from separate evolutionary origins

Question 8

Homoplasy

Answer 8

Characteristic shared by a set of species but is not present in common ancestor

Question 9

Craniates Apomorphies:

Answer 9

Cranium
Tripartite brain
Liver and kidney(s)
Heart with 2 or more chambers

Question 10

Vertebrate Apomorphies:

Answer 10

Craniate apomorphies and…

Vertebrae
Two vertical semicircular canals