Evolution

Question 1

Microevolution

Answer 1

Changes in one gene pool of a population over generations.

Question 2

Macroevolution

Answer 2

Refers to speciations, the formation of an entirely new species.

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

Group of individuals of one species living in one area that have the ability of interbreeding and interacting with each other.

Question 4

Transitional fossils

Answer 4

Fossils that link older extinct fossil to modern species. (have two features in one showing similarity)

Question 5

Hyracotherium

Answer 5

the ancient horse-ancestor of modern horse. Example of transition fossil.

Question 6

Homologous Structures

Answer 6

The same internal bone structure, although the function of each varies.

ex. the wing of a bat, the lateral fin of whale, and the human arm. If organisms have homologous structures, they have a common ancestor.

Question 7

Analogous Structures

Answer 7

Structures, such as a bath’s wing and a fly’s wing, that have the same function but no the same underlying structure. The similarity is merely superficial and reflects adaptation to a similar environment. Analogous structures are not evidence of a common origin or common ancestry.

Question 8

Vestigial Structures

Answer 8

Structures that are remnants of an earlier active structure, such as the appendix. They are evidence that animals have evolved.

Question 9

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 9

This type of natural selection eliminates the extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms.

Question 10

Disruptive Selection

Answer 10

This type of natural selection increases the numbers of extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms.

Question 11

Directional Selection

Answer 11

Changing environmental conditions give rise to this type of natural selection. One phenotype replaces another in the gene pool.

Question 12

Genetic Drift

Answer 12

Change in the gene pool due to chance. Two examples are the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.

Question 13

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 13

Natural disasters such as fire, earthquake, and flood reduce the size of a population nonselectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation. The resulting population is much smaller and not representative of the original one.

Question 14

Founder Effect

Answer 14

A small population, which is not representative of the larger population, breaks away from the larger one to colonize a new area. Rare alleles may be under- or overrepresented.

Question 15

Gene Flow

Answer 15

Movement of alleles into or out of a population.

Question 16

Polyploidy

Answer 16

An organism with extra sets of chromosomes. Commonly occurs in plants.

Question 17

Habitat Isolation

Answer 17

Occurs when two organisms live in the same area but encounter each other rarely. Two species of one genus of snake can be found in the same geographic area, but one inhabits the water while the other is mainly terrestrial.

Question 18

Behaivor Isolation

Answer 18

Occurs when two animals become isolated from each other because of some change in behavior by one member or group.

ex. FireFly blinking..

Question 19

Divergent Evolution

Answer 19

Occurs when a population becomes isolated (for any reason) from the rest of the species and becomes exposed to new selective pressures, causing it to evolve into a new species. Homologous structures are evidence of divergent evolution.

Question 20

Convergent Evolution

Answer 20

When unrelated species occupy the same environment, they are subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations.

ex. Whale body vs. Fish body. Serves same function, but are different.

Question 21

Parallel Evolution

Answer 21

Describes two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor.

Question 22

Coevolution

Answer 22

The mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species.

Question 23

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 23

The emergence of numerous species from a single common ancestor introduced into an environment.

ex. Darwin’s Finches

Question 24

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 24

Theory that proposes that new species appear suddenly after long periods of stasis. Replaced gradualism theory in popularity.

Question 25

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 25

The theory that living things emerge from nonliving or inanimate objects.

Question 26

Heterotroph Hypothesis

Answer 26

Theory that the first cells on Earth were anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes.

Question 27

Cutin

Answer 27

Waxy coating on the leaves that helps prevent excess water loss from the plant.

Question 28

What is the smallest group that can evolve?

Answer 28

Population. Individuals never change or evolve.

Question 29

Give 6 Evidences of Evolution

Answer 29

1. Fossil Record
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Comparative Biochemistry
4. Comparative Embryology
5. Molecular Biology
6. Biogeography

Question 30

How old is earth?

Answer 30

4.6 Billion Years

Question 31

What are the oldest fossils and first organisms to develop?

Answer 31

Prokaryotes

Question 32

Clue of divergent evolution

Answer 32

Homologous Structures

Question 33

Something unique about analogous structures

Answer 33

NOT EVIDENCE OF COMMON ORIGIN

Question 34

Common Ancestor=

Answer 34

Common Biochemical Pathways

Question 35

What was weak about Darwins theory of evolution?

Answer 35

Can’t explain sources of variation in a population.

Question 36

Requirements for a stable Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 36

1. Population must be large.
2. Population must be isolated.
3. No mutations.
4. Random Mating
5. No natural selection

Question 37

What does natural selection do?

Answer 37

It causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in gene pool.

Question 38

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Answer 38

p+q=1 or p^2+2pq+q^2=1

p=dominant
q=recessive
p^2=homo-dominant
q^2=homo-recessive

Question 39

Name six forms of isolation that cause new species to form.

Answer 39

1. Geographic isolation
2. Polyploidy
3. Habitat Isolation
4. Behavioral Isolation
5. Temporal Isolation
6. Reproductive Isolation

Question 40

What was the ancient atmosphere like?

Answer 40

H4, NH3, H2O, N2, NO FREE OXYGEN

Question 41

Describe the A.I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane experiment

Answer 41

In the 1920’s, hypothesized, separately that under the conditions of early Earth, organic molecules could form. They state that in the absence of corrosively reactive molecular oxygen that would react with and degrade them, organic molecules could form and persist.

Question 42

Describe the Stanley Miller and Harold Urey experiment.

Answer 42

In the 1950’s, tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and proved that almost any energy source would have converted inorganic molecules in the early atmosphere into a variety of organic molecules, including amino acids. They used electricity to mimic the lightning and U.V. light that must have been present in great amounts in the early atmosphere.

Question 43

Describe the experiment of Sidney Fox.

Answer 43

He was able to produce membrane-bound, cell-like structures he called proteinoid microspheres, which would last for several hours in a laboratory.