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PM 126 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

How Linnaeus influenced?

A

1740, Taxonomy (classification)

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2
Q

How Hutton influenced?

A

1795, Gradualism

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3
Q

How Lamarck influenced?

A

1809, Evolution theory

Species adapt to environmentp

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4
Q

How Malthus influenced?

A

Populations

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5
Q

How Curvier influenced?

A

Paleontology - what fossils tell us now

Catastrophism (opposite of gradualism)

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6
Q

How Lyell influenced?

A

1830, Uniformatism/geology (stratigraphy)

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7
Q

How Darwin influenced?

A

Evolution, Natural selection
1831-1835 travel on HMS beagle
1837 notes on origin of species

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8
Q

How Wallace influenced?

A

Evolution, Natural selection

1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin

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9
Q

How Mendel influenced?

A

Inheritance

1865 - Inheritance papers

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10
Q

Plato

A

427-347 BC Idealism

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11
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BC scala naturae (linking highest-lowest)

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12
Q

Linnaeus

A

1707 natural theology (creator)

develtoped taxonomy

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13
Q

James Hutton

A

Gradualism, changes in fossils occured slowly, and over time. e.g Canyons cut by rivers, river sediments from sedimentary rock.

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14
Q

T.D Lysenko

A

Vernalisation in wheat

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15
Q

Paul Kammerer

A

Toad pads

Land toads no pads > go water > get pads > back to land> pads remain

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16
Q

Epigenetics

A

Heritable changes outside of genetics (DNA)

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17
Q

Darwin finches

A

Different finch types were different species
Formulated adaptive radiation and divergence
Local populations = rise to new species

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18
Q

Artificial selection

A

Man selected mating to produce artificial product e.g Dalmacian, Bull terrier

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19
Q

Overproduction leads to?

A

Competition

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20
Q

Competition and variation leads to?

A

Natural Selection

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21
Q

Natural selection and inheritance leads to?

A

Adaptive evolution

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22
Q

Give an example of natural selection

A

Grey peppered moth

Galapangos finches beak size (bigger in dry year)

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23
Q

List the evidence for evolution

A 
Biogeography
Fossil record
Taxonomy
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative embryology
Molecular biology
Microevolution
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24
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Similarities between bone structures such as wings and limbs have similar “pieces”

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25
Q

Relate Analogy and Homology

A

Analogy is similarity due to convergent funtion i.e bat wing, bird wing
Homology is the ancestry relation between different Analogy i.e reptilian descent

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26
Q

How comparative embryology support evolution?

A

Fish, reptiles, humans and bird all share “gill pouches” at embryonic stage, these later specialise i.e ears,gills

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27
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

The evolutionary study among groups of organisms via. molecular sequencing data.

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28
Q

Give an example of phylogenetics

A

Beta- haemoglobin of human and gorilla differ by 1 sequence

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29
Q

What is natural selection tautology

A

Phenotype 1 gives more offspring than phenotype 2 therefore, Phenotype 1 is fitter.

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30
Q

What is Adaptation, give example

A

An adaptation is a design solution to an environmental problem

Need to fly? > wings
Need to grab? > pincer

These (traits) are optimally designed by natural selection for their functions

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31
Q

Examples of camouflage (mimicry)

A

Mullerian butterfly

Mantids

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32
Q

Example of sexual selection

A

Rooster head

Peacock tail

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33
Q

What is the 2 types of Phenotypic characters?

Give examples

A

Discontinuous characters - short/long tail

Continuous/Quantitative characters - height, swim speed

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34
Q

What are the focus of Mendelists

A

discontinuous character and mutation

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35
Q

What are the focus of Darwinists

A

continuous character

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36
Q

Define Heritability

A

% of phenotypic variation in a character that can be accounted for genetically rather than environmentally.

H = Genetic variation/Genetic+environmental variationx100

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37
Q

Name factor that can affect phenotype

A

Environment e.g altitude

Diet

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38
Q

How/What is Polymorphism

A

When 2 or more types occur in population and one type is <95% i.e all high frequency, polymorphism occur phenotypic or genotypic.

E.g ladybug shell pattern. can mix
color of blood star fish
Blood group (geno polymorphism)

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39
Q

Name the sources of Genetic Variation

A

Point mutations
Unequal crossing over
Meiotic and mitotic recombination
Gene transposition

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40
Q

Define Diploidy

A

Preservation of alleles e.g Cystic FIbrosis which are hidden

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41
Q

Uses of sex and recombination

A

Respond to environmental changes

but advantage of sex may be lost in small population

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42
Q

Isolated populations can form….

A

distinct gene pools (porcupine herd)

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43
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg theorem

Give the conditions

A 
Calculation of the allele frequency of offsprings
Conditions:
Isolation from other populations
Large population size
Low mutation rate
Random mating
No natural selection
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44
Q

What is microevolution

A

Evolution on a short time scale

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45
Q

What is neo-darwinism

A

Combination of Darwins theory of evolution and Mendels theory of inheritance

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46
Q

What is Population Genetics

A

Study of the factors that change the frequency of genes in a population

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47
Q

Name contributors of population genetics theory

A

Ronald Fischer
JBS Haldane
Sewall Wright

48
Q

What are the problems that still need to be solved?

A

Polymorphism
Natural selection
Genetic drift

49
Q

Name causes of microevolution

A 
Genetic Drift
Gene flow
Mutation
Nonrandom-mating
Natural Selection
50
Q

Define Genetic drift

A

An change in a gene pool that happens by “chance”, does not necessarily mean natural selection (healthier survives)

51
Q

Define gene flow

A

Also known as gene migration, transfer of allele/genes from one population to another

52
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in the DNA, this can cause all sorts of physical changes

53
Q

Define Natural selection

A

Survival of fittest

54
Q

Name the 3 types of selection that affect gene/allele frequency

A

Directional selection - changes in 1 direction
e.g Industrial Melanism

Heterozygote advantage - change in both directions (stable)/polymorphic frequency.
e.g Sickle cell

Frequency dependant selection - change both direction (stable)/polymorphic frequency
e.g Batesian mimicry

55
Q

Give a geographic relation between sickle cell and malaria

A

They have similar locations (overlap)

56
Q

Explain Frequency dependant selection (batesian)

A

If there is a high population of distasteful model butterflies, the frequency of batesian mimics will increase.
This opposite is also true.

57
Q

Give a relation between population and genetic drift

A

smaller population genetic pool will drift more likely as there is reduced frequency of natural selection.

58
Q

How to calculate expected heterozygosity

A

=2 x Af x af

=2Aa

59
Q

What is the Founder effect?

A

Isolated population expands
Cause isolated alleles to expands (natural selection)
Results in genetic drift

60
Q

Give frequency examples of harmful alleles

A

Cystic Fibrosis 0.022 (caucasians)
Tay-Sachs 0.013 (Ashkenazy jews)
Albinism 0.09 (San blas indians of panama)
Retinis pigmentosa 0.04 (trista de cunha)

General typical frequency: 0.001-0.003 (human)

61
Q

What is the significance of mutation?

A

Over countless generations, a single allele mutation can result in 100% of the population with the mutated allele

62
Q

What are the 3 modes of selection?

A

Directional selection - where the entire population allele shifts (evolution)
Diversifying selection - the original population splits in 2 different population (disruptive selection)
Stabilising selection - phenotype variation decrease, more phenotype of the same type.

63
Q

Example of balance polymorphism

A

mouthedness of fish (left or right)

64
Q

What’t the difference between stabilising and directional/disruptive selection?

A

Stabilising involves maintaining status quo, adaption to current evironment
Directional/Disruptive is involved in new adaptation and species

65
Q

What is the problem with morphological concepts?

A

same species can look different and different species may look similar

66
Q

What is meant by Ring Species

A

A population of the same species that is separated geographically but are still able to interact. e.g Salamander

67
Q

Define Prezygotic

A

Prevention of mating/fertalisation

68
Q

Define Postzygotic

A

Prevent development of viable, fertile adults

69
Q

What is mechanical isolation

A

e.g Hummingbird can only drink from certain plants made for their beaks

70
Q

Allopatry

A

Geographical isolation

71
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Disruptive/Diversifying selection occurs within the same population and 2 distinct species form.
Low chance as it goes against evolution/divergence.

72
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Sympatric speciation that occur within plants

73
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

When a organisms diversify into multitude of forms due to environment changes

74
Q

What is Humans closest living relative?

A

Chimp

75
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is only passed from

A

The mother through the egg

76
Q

Relationship between Neanderthals and humans

A

They did not interbreed hence they are not our ancestors but closest relative

77
Q

Where did humans evolve?

A

Africa, followed by migration from Africa

78
Q

How is human migration and dates determined?

A

Evolutionary tree and geographic frequencies

79
Q

State the synthesis of organic compounds on earth.

A

1) Water vapour + chemicals (volc. eruptions)
2) Reducing environment
3) Abiotic synthesis made possible
4) Small organic molecules polymerise when concentrated on hot sand/clay/rock

80
Q

Define Abiotic

A

Non living components which affect life in the environment

81
Q

Define Protobionts

A

Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane, exhibits simple reproduction and metabolism and maintain an internal chemical environment. They are formed from Abiotic compounds. E.g liposomes form when organic molecules are added to water.

82
Q

What was the first genetic material?

A

RNA, not DNA

83
Q

Define ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that catalyse reactions They can make complimentary copies of their own sequence.

84
Q

List the problems of macroevolution

A 
Novel adaptations
Evolution trends
Speciation and Evolutionary rate
Influence geological changes
Extinction of species
Fluctuations in biological diversity
85
Q

What technique is used to date fossils?

A

Geochronology radioactive decay

86
Q

Define heterochrony

A

change in the timing or rate of development

87
Q

Define allometric change

A

Alteration in relative growth rates of different body parts

88
Q

Define paedomophosis

A

Reproduction occurring in ancestral juvenile form

89
Q

Define neoteny

A

slow down soma development

90
Q

Define progenesis

A

speed up germ line development

91
Q

Define homeosis

A

Alteration in the placement of different body parts

92
Q

What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?

A

Gradualism- An organism that splits in 2 species that further differentiate (more different) as time continues
This is called anagenesis

Punctuated-An organism that splits in >2 species but their genetic make-up (difference) do not further differentiate (cladogenesis)

93
Q

What are the 2 evolutionary trends in cladogenetic model?

A

Differential speciation - equal, diversify species

Differential extinction - unequal

94
Q

State the ratite birds

A

Ostrich,Rhea,Emu,Kiwi,Tinamou,Cassowary.

All came from 1 descendant of ratite bird (monoplyletic)

95
Q

Model Mendel studied

A

Peas

96
Q

Mendels law of segregation

A

Alleles do not blend together

97
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

When an allele does not fully take over, instead it partially takes over i.e red + white = pink

98
Q

Define Pleiotropy

A

When gene influences more than 1 character

99
Q

Define epistasis

A

different locus

100
Q

5 Penetrance and expressivity (CICVI)

A

Complete penetrance- genotypes yeild 100% expected phenotypes

Incomplete penetrance-genotypes yeild <100% expected phenotypes

Constant expressitivity- Genotypes with no expressitivity yeild 100% of expected phenotype

Variable expressitivity - Genotype with expressitivity affect a range of phenotype

Incomplete pen + variable ex - genotypes produce broad range of phenotypes

101
Q

Environment can affect phenotype, give example

A

Hydrangea flower colour affected by acidity and aluminium content of soil

102
Q

3 Disadvantages of human in medelian genetics

A

Cannot cross artificially
Small family sizes
complex techniques

103
Q

2 Factors affecting deleterious mutations

A

CFTR gene - ion transport

Frequency determined by balance of mutation and selection

104
Q

Interbreeding in humans

A

severe mutation

105
Q

3 multifactorial disorders caused by quantitative trait loci (QTLs)

A

heart disease
alcoholism
schizophrenia

106
Q

how to test foetus for genetic disorders

A

Amniotic fluid drawn then contrifugation

107
Q

3 “re discoverers of mendels results 1900 (VCT)

A

Vries
Correns
Tschermak

108
Q

Who put forward chromosomes theory of inheritance?

A

Sutton and Boyeri

109
Q

Who discovered sex linkage and genetic maps?

A

TH Morgan

110
Q

Exam of sex linked inheritance

A

The Y sperm gene of male drosophila gives white eyes

111
Q

Recombination frequency equation

A

RF = Recombination/Total offspring x 100 = %?

RF relates to chromosome physical distance

112
Q

What is the sex determination system?

A

SRY gene found on the Y chromosome

113
Q

What is the Lyon effect?

A

When 2 alleles switch on and off, this results in the phenotype of 2 different alleles, orange+black fur.
The cause of this is dosage compensation

114
Q

DNA deletion in mt

A

damage proportion to ageing and inherited maternally

115
Q

Errors and exceptions in chromosomal inheritance

A

Meiotic nondisjunction - unbalance chromosome no.
this is related to downs syndrome

Reciprocal translocation (inherited)

Genomic imprinting

116
Q

Dinosaur became extinct on the…

A

Cretaceous period

PM 126 (2 decks)

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