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Pre-AP Biology (P6 Meyer) > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequency over time

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2
Q

Allele Frequency

A

How frequent a particular allele appears in a population

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3
Q

Alleles

A

Found in chromosomes; 2 in each gene (1 from each parent); give you your physical attributes

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

Your physical attributes (eye color, hair color, etc.)

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Found in the nucleus of the cell; Humans have 46; made up of DNA;

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6
Q

What do segments of DNA code for?

A

Genes (traits like eye color, height, etc.)

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7
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Offspring come from combining of genetic information from two individuals of the opposite sex

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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Offspring come from 1 organism (clone)

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9
Q

What organisms are among the fastest reproducing organisms in the world?

A

Bacteria (like E. Coli)

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10
Q

What structures are a part of comparative anatomy?

A

Vestigial, Homologous, and Analogous Structures

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11
Q

Define Vestigial Structures

A

Parts of the body that are “left over but no longer useful”

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12
Q

What are the types of vestigial structures?

A

Anatomical, Behavioral, Sensory, Molecular

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13
Q

Examples of Vestigial Structures - Anatomical

A

Human Appendix, Tailbone, Wisdom Teeth, Inner Corner of Eye, Tendon in Wrist (Palmaris longus)

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14
Q

Examples of Vestigial Structures - Behavioral

A

Goose Bumps, Palmar Grasp Reflex (fetus and new born babies)

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15
Q

Examples of Vestigial Structures - Sensory

A

Diminished olfaction (sense of smell)

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16
Q

Examples of Vestigial Structures - Molecular

A

Non-Coding DNA

17
Q

Define Homologous Structure

A

2 Similar Structures with a Different Function; Same underlying structure evolved to do a different job

18
Q

Examples of Homologous Structures

A

Human Arm + Cat Leg + Whale Flipper + Bat Wing; All have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges;

19
Q

Define Analogous Structure

A

Different Structure with Similar Functions; Due to common selection pressures (environment); Body parts are similar in function but different in underlying structure; Found in flying + swimming animals

20
Q

Examples of Analogous Structures

A

Bird Wing vs Insect Wing; Penguin Wing vs Shark Fin

21
Q

What are the mechanisms of evolution?

A

Mutation, Gene Flow (Migration), Genetic Drift, Natural Selection

22
Q

Gene Pool

A

Combination of all genes (+ alleles) present in a reproducing population or species); Evolution acts on gene pools (allele frequencies) not on individual organisms

23
Q

Mutation

A

Random change in an organism’s genetic makeup; can influence the population’s gene pool; may be harmful/benign but also may be beneficial

24
Q

Gene Flow (Migration)

A

Randomly occurs; When migrating individuals interbreed with the new population; establishes gene flow in the population

25
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Wrong place, wrong time; “lucky individuals survive and reproduce” not necessarily the “better and healthier” organisms; happens to all population by chance

26
Q

Examples of Genetic Drift

A

Ant gets stepped on; Rabbit gets swept up by a tornado; Elephant drinks protozoa in puddle; Bird gets run over by a plane

27
Q

Natural Selection

A

Occurs when populations of organisms are subjected to the environment; better adapted organisms produce more offspring and pass on their genes more successfully

28
Q

How can natural selection occur? (ways the organism can be changed)

A

Ability to avoid predators, greater resistance to disease, enhanced ability to obtain food, ability to attract a mate; resistance to drought

29
Q

Equation for Natural Selection

A

Variation + Differential Reproduction + Heredity = Natural Selection

30
Q

Differential Reproduction

A

Some individuals leave more offspring in the next generation than others do, often due to traits that give them an advantage in survival/reproduction

31
Q

Who founded the idea of these mechanisms?

A

Charles Darwin + Alfred Wallace

Pre-AP Biology (P6 Meyer) (1 decks)

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