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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The best indicator of an organism’s evolutionary fitness is the number of

A

offspring it produces that survive to reproductive age

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2
Q

group of organisms that includes the descendants of a common ancestor and that ancestor

A

Clade

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3
Q

A characteristic that a particular group of organisms have in common

A

shared derived character

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4
Q

organisms that have the particular trait in question

A

ingroup

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5
Q

the organisms that lack one or more of the shared characters (those not in the ingroup)

A

outgroup

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6
Q

When the carrying capacity is reached, Animals must compete for resources

A

Competition

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7
Q

Created the idea of carrying capacity

A

Malthus

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8
Q

When birth and death rates are equal

A

Equilibrium

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9
Q

When humans select which phenotypes should be bred

A

artificial selection

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10
Q

Similar structure different function

A

Homologous structures (More recent!)

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11
Q

Similar functions different structures

A

Analogous Structures

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12
Q

Structures that no longer have a purpose and can be removed

A

Vestigial Structures

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13
Q

The 3 types of natural selection

A

Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing

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14
Q

5 Hardy Weinberg equilibrium principles

A

1) No mutations
2) No gene flow
3) No natural selection
4) No genetic drift
5) Random mating

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15
Q

Allele frequency changes due to a chance event

A

Genetic drift

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16
Q

Dramatic decrease because of a disaster

A

Bottleneck Effect

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17
Q

a couple “founders” start a new group with different alleles

A

Founders effect

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18
Q

members cannot interbreed because of some geographical barrier

A

Allopatric

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19
Q

members cannot interbreed because they have different habits

A

Sympatric

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20
Q

5 patterns of evolution

A

1) Divergent
2) Convergent
3) Parallel
4) Coevolution
5) Adaptive Radiation

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21
Q

2 rated of evolution

A

1) Gradualism
2) Punctured Equillibrium

22
Q

Type of evolution that occurs when two species become increasingly different

A

Divergent

23
Q

When natural selection happens slowly over a long period of time

A

Gradualism

24
Q

The type of evolution when a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways

A

Adaptive radiation

25
Q

The type of evolution that occurs when different species evolve similar adaptations/structures in response to living in the same type of environment

A

Convergent

26
Q

when natural selection occurs rapidly over a short period followed by periods of little to no change.

A

Punctuated equilibrium

27
Q

the type of evolution that occurs when a change in one organism leads to a change in the other. Two species evolve together.

A

Co-Evolution

28
Q

What is the process of evolution

A

Decent with modification

29
Q

What is the mechanism of evolution

A

Natural Selection

30
Q

What is the result of evolution

A

Unity and Diversity

31
Q

Scientist who discovered that things change over time - also thought that evolution occurred through the use/disuse of physical features - which is WRONG

A

Lamarack

32
Q

Scientist who discovered binomial nomenclature - and that each species has an ideal structure + function that is placed in the ladder of life

A

Carolus Linnaeus

33
Q

Scientist who discovered carrying capacity and had an influence on natural selection

A

Malthus

34
Q

Scientist who went to the Galapagos islands and developed the theory of natural selection + origin of species

A

Charles Darwin

35
Q

Natural selection favors heterozygotes

A

Balanced polymorphism

36
Q

Balanced polymorphism + sources of variation (mutations, crossing over, reproduction)

A

Genetic Variation

37
Q

3 key components to natural selection

A

genetic variation
competition
adaptation

38
Q

Allele frequency changes depending on which is favorable (grey bunny lab)

A

Adaptation

39
Q

Ability to positively affect the gene pool - offspring are healthy enough to reproduce

A

fitness

40
Q

Types of natural selection

A

Directional, stabilizing, disruptive

41
Q

Evidence of evolution (5)

A

Fossil records
comparative biochemistry
comparative embryology
comparative anatomy
biogeography

42
Q

Changes of a species over time - long term

A

Macroevolution

43
Q

Changes in gene frequencies within a population often due to a change in environment

A

Microevolution

44
Q

Causes of microevolution

A

Natural selection
Mutations
genetic drift
gene flow

45
Q

Movement of alleles between populations (migration)

A

Gene flow

46
Q

Allele frequencies change due to a chance event

A

genetic drift

47
Q

dramatic decrease in alleles because of a major disaster

A

Bottleneck effect

48
Q

When a new population begins only a fraction of the total genetic diversity

A

Founders Effect

49
Q

Mates with the same phenotype

A

assortive mating

50
Q

mates are chosen on the basis of appearance

A

sexual selection

51
Q

all the various alleles at every locus in a population

A

gene pool

52
Q

Formation of a new species

A

speciation

Biology (3 decks)

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