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Bio 103 Final > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Accumulation over time of inherited changes in populations, leading to species which are related

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2
Q

Darwinian fitness

A

Individuals ability to survive and reproduce

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3
Q

Adaptation

A

An evolved feature that enhances an organisms fitness

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4
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of a single species living in the same geographical area

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5
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms with common ancestry and physical structures that are able to breed and have fertile offspring

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6
Q

Community

A

Group of populations composed of organisms with common ancestry, sharing similar structures, functions, behaviours, etc - freely interbreed in nature

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

Interactive system composed of one or more communities and their abiotic (nonliving) environment

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8
Q

Biosphere

A

All of earths ecosystems considered together

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9
Q

3 goals of evolution

A
  1. How life evolved in a single evolutionary tree
  2. Explain why species exist
  3. Explain how species adapted (all related to Luca)
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10
Q

Essentialism

A

Organisms are created in species form

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11
Q

What did Linnaeus say?

A

Ancestral forms reflect evolutionary relationships, however he proposed that species don’t change

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12
Q

What did Darwin propose?

A

Published origin of species
- resources are limited in nature and there is a struggle for life
- survival of the fittest
- NATURAL SELECTION = driving force of evolution

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13
Q

Differential reproductive success

A

Better fit individuals have a better chance of leaving more offspring

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14
Q

What is the smallest unit of life that can evolve

A

A population

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15
Q

What doesn’t evolve

A

INDIVIDUALS don’t evolve they adapt

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16
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

Phenotypes within a generation - variation must be partially heritable for natural selection to result in evolutionary change

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17
Q

Why does evolution take time?

A

Small evoluntary changes can occur rapidly but complex adaptations require accumulation of small changes over a long period of time

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18
Q

What were the 4 observations that natural selection was based on

A
  1. Variation
  2. High reproductive potential
  3. Individual compete
  4. Fitness
  5. Molecular biology
  6. Phenogentics
  7. Convergent evolution
  8. Anthropocene influence
19
Q

How can we find evidence for evolution

A
  1. Fossil records
  2. Comparative anatomy
  3. Biogeography
  4. Comparative embryology
20
Q

Fossil records

A

Date with radio-activity (not for all species because soft bodies don’t often leave fossils)

21
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Revels the existence of homologous structures (shared origin) beneath the phenotypical characters

22
Q

Biogeography

A

Distinct classes of organisms found in limited areas which can only be explained by evolution from common ancestors historically restricted in those areas

23
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Organisms that share a common ancestor but subject to different selection pressure during adulthood where shared differently in their adult structures but share common embryological stages

24
Q

Molecular biology

A

All living organisms share the same building blocks - DNA sequences are a record or change over time

25
Q

Phylogenetics

A

History reflects DNA,
- we can group species by shared species
- evolution is non-directional

26
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The acquisition of the same biological trait in different lineages
- analogous structures: are shared function but not shared ancestry

27
Q

Anthropocene influences

A

Artificial selection by humans creating new species based on selecting the best traits

28
Q

What happened to the soapberry bugs

A
  • when a new species was introduced into the population, the original food source was changed - an this change persisted leading to a genetic change
29
Q

How old is life on earth

A

Life on earth is 4.6 billion years old

30
Q

What did Miller-Urey experiment do?

A

Showed abiotic synthesis
- stimulated the conditions of early earth (little oxygen, lots of ammonia-menthane- water- and storms)

31
Q

What is the pathway for how life began on earth

A

Inorganic molecules - organic molecules - self replicating organic molecules - aggregations - progenote

32
Q

What is the last common ancestor

A

LUCA - cocestor that arouse from archaea and eventually began the first eukaryote

33
Q

What was the evolution of prokaryotes

A

Life as a single cell with no nucleus
- limited to alter anatomy
- limited capacity to extend niches
- genetic variation is random
EX= Bacteria and archaea

34
Q

*evolution of eukaryotes

A

Life as a protist - arouse from endosymbiotic hypothesis (evolution of the mitochondria/chloroplast)
- adapt or die

35
Q

How did the mitochondria evolve

A

From a parasitic bacteria that had an efficient metabolism

36
Q

What is the key evidence of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

DNA sequencing analysis shows a relationship between mitochondria and non-sulphur purple bacteria

37
Q

Because mitochondria produce a wide range of toxins (ROS) what did it drive selection for

A
  • migration of mtDNA to nucleus
  • maintence of nuclear envelope
  • formation of peroxisomes
  • evolution of more DNA repair mechanisms
38
Q

How are mitochondria passed down through populations

A

the egg

39
Q

Macro evolution

A

“Big evolution”

40
Q

What are the two forms of macro-evolution

A
  1. Gradualism
  2. Punctuated equilibrium
41
Q

Gradualism

A

The product of microevolution and adaptive divergence over a long period of time

42
Q

Punctuated equalibrium

A

Very long and relatively quiescent periods interrupted by short intervals of intense species turnover
- spirts of evolutions = macro evolution

43
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Disaster that

Bio 103 Final (1 decks)

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