evolution Flashcards
test
the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
evolution, or change over time
who was charles darwin
a naturalist, and founder of evolutionary theory
During his travels he made numerous ___________________ and collected _______________
observations; evidence
his most important observations were found in the…
galapagos islands
He returned to England in _____ and spent ________ years studying his collections.
1836; 22
he found ______________________________________ in a Brazilian forest.
68 different species of beetles
He was puzzled by why a grassland in _________ and a grassland in __________ would have very different animals living in them.
Australia, Argentina
No rabbits in _____________________ and no Kangaroos in ______________________.
Australia; Argentina
He collected _______________ some of which resembled living organisms
fossils
some that looked like organisms __________________________________________________________________.
he had never seen
he envisioned
struggles for food and space, escape from predators, need for shelter among species of the world
Darwin noticed the _______________ islands were close together but had very different ____________
Galapagos; plants and animals
He wondered if animals living on different islands had all come from a ___________ ______________
common ancestor
He was very fascinated by the land _______________ and marine _____________.
tortoises; iguanas
He also collected many ground ______________ and noticed they all had different ________________.
finches; beaks
He wondered if animals living on different islands had once been members of the same _____________________.
species
Darwin was influenced by great _________ of the time that were challenging views about the ____________ world.
thinking; natural
1785
hutton
1798
malthus
1809
lamarck
1831
darwins voyage
1833
lyell
1858
wallace
1859
origin of species published
Earth is shaped by __________ ___________ that took place over long periods of time.
geological forces
Who estimated Earth to be _____________________ of years old, not thousands of years old.
Hutton 1785; millions
The human population is growing faster than the space and food needed to sustain it. The only thing preventing growth was __________, ___________, and _________________. Who created this?
war, famine, disease
Malthus 1798
Organisms could acquire traits as a result of experience or behavior. What theory is this by who?
the theory of use and disuse.
Lamarck 1809
The crab uses the claw as defense. What would happen after use?
Eventually the claw would grow from use and be passed to the offspring.
Geological _______________ occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological __________ over long periods of time. Who thought of this?
processes; features. Lyell1833
whats an example of Geological processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time.
volcanoes and earthquakes
who wrote to his friend Darwin speculating on evolution by natural selection based on his studies of plants and animals.
wallace 1858
There were the same ideas Darwin had been mulling over for _________________________.
25 years
Darwin published ____________________
the origin of species
proposed evolution had been taking place for millions of years spurred on by natural selection.
origin of species
He argued that _____________________ mattered and we as humans select that variation through breeding
variation
He called the thought that that variation mattered and we as humans select that variation through breeding ____________________________.
artificial selection
the theory that All species descended from a few original types of life and have changed due to natural selection.
descent with modification
All species were derived from a
common ancestor
the theory that Populations adapt to their environment as the proportion of favorable genes increases.
modification by natural selection
the Comparison of old fossils to new fossils, like uncompleted jigsaw puzzles (record still incomplete)
the fossil record
The finches from the Galapagos lived on specific islands based on beak shape and a finch from the mainland was different from the island finches
geographic distribution of living species
Different forms of bones that developed from the same embryonic tissue.
homologous structures
Vestigial Organs can be traces of _________________ ____________
homologous structures
The embryonic stage of many animals with backbones are similar and produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates.
embryology
2 examples of structural adaptations
thorns on rose bushes, spines on sea urchins
example of mimicry adaptations
the orchid
example of camouflage adaptation
flounder
physiological
change in metabolic processes
2 examples of physiological adaptations
penicillin and insects to insecticides
A gene pool consists of all the genes, including all the different __________________________, that are present in a population.
alleles
is the number of times that allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occurs
relative frequency
Evolution is ____________________________________ in a population.
any change in the frequency of alleles
Genetic variation is studied in populations, which is a group of individuals of the _____________ ____________________________ interbreeding.
same species
2 sources of variation are:
mutations and gene shuffling through meiosis and sexual reproduction
Natural Selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of 3 ways
stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection
stabilizing selection
favors average individuals
directional selection
extreme forms are favored
disruptive selection
eliminates intermediate forms
example of stabilizing
body size of lizards
example of directional
anteater tongues
example of disruptive
limpet shell color
example of sexual
peacock plumage
Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to
become common in a population
this is called
genetic drift
A migration of a small subgroup of a population is known as the
founder effect
The 5 conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation are:
random mating
large population size
no movement into or out of the population
no mutations
no natural selection
is the process of new species evolving from older ones
speciation
As new species evolve, populations become
reproductively isolated from each other
3 types of reproductive isolation:
behavioral, geographic, temporal
2 populations can interbreed but have differences in courtship rituals
behavioral
2 populations are separated by geographic barriers like rivers or mountains
geographic
2 species produce at different times
temporal
99% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct meaning the species no longer exists
extinction
a single species has evolved through natural selection into diverse forms that live in different ways and different habitats
adaptive radiation
2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time (plants and insects)
Coevolution
unrelated organisms come to resemble one another (shark and porpoises)
convergent evolution
long, stable, periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change.
punctuated equilibrium
