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evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

A

evolution, or change over time

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2
Q

who was charles darwin

A

a naturalist, and founder of evolutionary theory

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3
Q

During his travels he made numerous ___________________ and collected _______________

A

observations; evidence

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4
Q

his most important observations were found in the…

A

galapagos islands

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5
Q

He returned to England in _____ and spent ________ years studying his collections.

A

1836; 22

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6
Q

he found ______________________________________ in a Brazilian forest.

A

68 different species of beetles

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7
Q

He was puzzled by why a grassland in _________ and a grassland in __________ would have very different animals living in them.

A

Australia, Argentina

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8
Q

No rabbits in _____________________ and no Kangaroos in ______________________.

A

Australia; Argentina

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9
Q

He collected _______________ some of which resembled living organisms

A

fossils

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10
Q

some that looked like organisms __________________________________________________________________.

A

he had never seen

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11
Q

he envisioned

A

struggles for food and space, escape from predators, need for shelter among species of the world

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12
Q

Darwin noticed the _______________ islands were close together but had very different ____________

A

Galapagos; plants and animals

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13
Q

He wondered if animals living on different islands had all come from a ___________ ______________

A

common ancestor

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14
Q

He was very fascinated by the land _______________ and marine _____________.

A

tortoises; iguanas

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15
Q

He also collected many ground ______________ and noticed they all had different ________________.

A

finches; beaks

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16
Q

He wondered if animals living on different islands had once been members of the same _____________________.

A

species

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17
Q

Darwin was influenced by great _________ of the time that were challenging views about the ____________ world.

A

thinking; natural

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18
Q

1785

A

hutton

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19
Q

1798

A

malthus

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20
Q

1809

A

lamarck

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21
Q

1831

A

darwins voyage

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22
Q

1833

A

lyell

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23
Q

1858

A

wallace

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24
Q

1859

A

origin of species published

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25
Q

Earth is shaped by __________ ___________ that took place over long periods of time.

A

geological forces

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26
Q

Who estimated Earth to be _____________________ of years old, not thousands of years old.

A

Hutton 1785; millions

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27
Q

The human population is growing faster than the space and food needed to sustain it. The only thing preventing growth was __________, ___________, and _________________. Who created this?

A

war, famine, disease
Malthus 1798

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28
Q

Organisms could acquire traits as a result of experience or behavior. What theory is this by who?

A

the theory of use and disuse.
Lamarck 1809

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29
Q

The crab uses the claw as defense. What would happen after use?

A

Eventually the claw would grow from use and be passed to the offspring.

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30
Q

Geological _______________ occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological __________ over long periods of time. Who thought of this?

A

processes; features. Lyell1833

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31
Q

whats an example of Geological processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time.

A

volcanoes and earthquakes

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32
Q

who wrote to his friend Darwin speculating on evolution by natural selection based on his studies of plants and animals.

A

wallace 1858

33
Q

There were the same ideas Darwin had been mulling over for _________________________.

A

25 years

34
Q

Darwin published ____________________

A

the origin of species

35
Q

proposed evolution had been taking place for millions of years spurred on by natural selection.

A

origin of species

36
Q

He argued that _____________________ mattered and we as humans select that variation through breeding

A

variation

37
Q

He called the thought that that variation mattered and we as humans select that variation through breeding ____________________________.

A

artificial selection

38
Q

the theory that All species descended from a few original types of life and have changed due to natural selection.

A

descent with modification

39
Q

All species were derived from a

A

common ancestor

40
Q

the theory that Populations adapt to their environment as the proportion of favorable genes increases.

A

modification by natural selection

41
Q

the Comparison of old fossils to new fossils, like uncompleted jigsaw puzzles (record still incomplete)

A

the fossil record

42
Q

The finches from the Galapagos lived on specific islands based on beak shape and a finch from the mainland was different from the island finches

A

geographic distribution of living species

43
Q

Different forms of bones that developed from the same embryonic tissue.

A

homologous structures

44
Q

Vestigial Organs can be traces of _________________ ____________

A

homologous structures

45
Q

The embryonic stage of many animals with backbones are similar and produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates.

A

embryology

46
Q

2 examples of structural adaptations

A

thorns on rose bushes, spines on sea urchins

47
Q

example of mimicry adaptations

A

the orchid

48
Q

example of camouflage adaptation

A

flounder

49
Q

physiological

A

change in metabolic processes

50
Q

2 examples of physiological adaptations

A

penicillin and insects to insecticides

51
Q

A gene pool consists of all the genes, including all the different __________________________, that are present in a population.

A

alleles

52
Q

is the number of times that allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occurs

A

relative frequency

53
Q

Evolution is ____________________________________ in a population.

A

any change in the frequency of alleles

54
Q

Genetic variation is studied in populations, which is a group of individuals of the _____________ ____________________________ interbreeding.

A

same species

55
Q

2 sources of variation are:

A

mutations and gene shuffling through meiosis and sexual reproduction

56
Q

Natural Selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of 3 ways

A

stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection

57
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors average individuals

58
Q

directional selection

A

extreme forms are favored

59
Q

disruptive selection

A

eliminates intermediate forms

60
Q

example of stabilizing

A

body size of lizards

61
Q

example of directional

A

anteater tongues

62
Q

example of disruptive

A

limpet shell color

63
Q

example of sexual

A

peacock plumage

64
Q

Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to

A

become common in a population

65
Q

this is called

A

genetic drift

66
Q

A migration of a small subgroup of a population is known as the

A

founder effect

67
Q

The 5 conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation are:

A

random mating
large population size
no movement into or out of the population
no mutations
no natural selection

68
Q

is the process of new species evolving from older ones

A

speciation

69
Q

As new species evolve, populations become

A

reproductively isolated from each other

70
Q

3 types of reproductive isolation:

A

behavioral, geographic, temporal

71
Q

2 populations can interbreed but have differences in courtship rituals

A

behavioral

72
Q

2 populations are separated by geographic barriers like rivers or mountains

A

geographic

73
Q

2 species produce at different times

A

temporal

74
Q

99% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct meaning the species no longer exists

A

extinction

75
Q

a single species has evolved through natural selection into diverse forms that live in different ways and different habitats

A

adaptive radiation

76
Q

2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time (plants and insects)

A

Coevolution

77
Q

unrelated organisms come to resemble one another (shark and porpoises)

A

convergent evolution

78
Q

long, stable, periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change.

A

punctuated equilibrium

79
Q
A

biology (2 decks)

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