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Honors Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The changing of species over time due to environmental and competitive factors

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2
Q

What is Artificial Selection?

A

When a specific, desired trait is brought out by breeding

Ex: dogs and plants

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3
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The slow expression of a stronger trait in a species through competition, environment, and conditions

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4
Q

What is Fitness?

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment.

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5
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

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6
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A

English naturalist who specialized in the diversity of species

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7
Q

What journey is Charles Darwin known for?

A

Known for his 5-year long voyage to the Galagos where he found data and evidence to support his theory of evolution

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8
Q

What is an example of a species he studied and what did he notice about them?

A

Studied species such as finches and why some had different beaks

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9
Q

When would he publish his book of findings?

A

Would publish book of his findings 20 years after its production

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10
Q

What are the four people Charles Darwin took inspiration from?

A

Lyell and Hulton, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, and Thomas Malthus

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11
Q

What did Hulton and Lyell research?

A

How Earth changes, how old it is, and how it can be shown through its rock layers. Also, stated how geological formations occurred slowly overtime

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12
Q

What did Lamarck believe about evolution?

A

Lamarck believed evolution occurred because organisms desired to change. Also thought the body parts used most would naturally get stronger and evolve, while the least used body parts would disappear.

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13
Q

What did Thomas Malthus study?

A

Malthus researched overpopulation in humans and how it would cause war, famine, and overcrowding. It would also result in only the “strongest” surviving, aka survival of the fittest.

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14
Q

What is Variation?

A

Variation is the diversity in species caused commonly by mutations. Diversity allows for strength in species. Certain traits inherited are better for the environment

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15
Q

What was Darwin’s proposal to explain evolution?

A

Darwin proposed common descent: that species descend from other species. Yet they have modifications that increase their fitness

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16
Q

What is a Fossil?

A

A fossil is a trace or remains of an organism that lived in the past.

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17
Q

What is Sedimentary Rock?

A

Eroded rock and minerals which were engrossed in a body of water and the pressure formed a layer.

18
Q

What is a Half-Life?

A

Length of time required for HALF of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

19
Q

What is Biogeography?

A

The study of organism’s location presently and where they and their ancestors used to live.

20
Q

What are the main 4 types of evidence to support evolution?

A

-Biogeography

-Fossil record

-Embryology

-Genetics and molecular biology

21
Q

What is the Fossil Record?

A

The history of life in the past is shown by preserved traces/remains of an organism. ALWAYS GROWING.

22
Q

What are Fossils typically preserved in?

A

Commonly persevered in sedimentary rock. Also preserved by tar or tree amber

23
Q

What is Divergent Evolution?

A

Closely related but different. Ex. populations on the Galapagos island evolved from mainland species

24
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

Distantly related but similar. Similar environments and roles similarly shape an organism’s evolution.

25
Q

What is Relative Dating?

A

A broad date of when an organism lived. Uses Earth’s rock layers to determine the age of a fossil

26
Q

What is Absolute Dating?

A

Determines a specific time an organism lived using radiometric dating

27
Q

What is Radiometric Dating?

A

Radiometric dating estimates the age in years of an object by measuring the breaking down of certain radioactive isotopes

28
Q

Carbon 12 and 14 are two examples of elements used in radiometric dating. How do they enter animals?

A

Carbon is taken in by autotrophs, plants, and organisms that make their food
-They create glucose (C6H12O6)
-Then transferred to animals in when consuming the glucose

29
Q

How does Carbon-14 determine when an organism has died?

A

Recently dead: Contains MUCH Carbon 14
Long dead: Contains much LESS Carbon 14
Because, when an animal dies Carbon-14 begins to decay.

30
Q

What are Transition Fossils?

A

Remains that display traits common to older and newer species

31
Q

What is a Homologous Structure?

A

Organisms that have a similar bone structure, but evolved to have different functions (Divergent evolution/adaptive radiation)

32
Q

What is Analogous Structure?

A

Species with a common function but different structure (convergent evolution). Not similar embryological tissue.

33
Q

What are Vestigial Organs?

A

Structures that serve little to no purpose. Ex. wisdom teeth in humans

34
Q

What is Embrologoy?

A

When organisms have similar embryos at early stages. The more similar, the closer they are related/have a closer common ancestor. Embryological tissues evolve into homologous structures. Embryos become different as they develop

35
Q

What is Molecular Evidence?

A

DNA is the code for life. So, If a species changes, so does its genes. Mutations can make new variations appear. So, Scientists can compare DNA and amino acid sequences to determine how similar two animals are to each other

36
Q

What is a Population?

A

Individuals of the same species in a given area.

37
Q

What is a Gene Pool?

A

All the genes in a population

38
Q

What are the three sources of Genetic Variation?

A

-Mutations
-Genetic recombination
-Sexual reproduction

39
Q

What are Mutations?

A

Changes in DNA that can create new alleles in germ cells

40
Q

What is Genetic Recombination?

A

Crossing over and independent assortment.

41
Q

What is a Single Gene?

A

Trait controlled by one gene (usually only 2 or 3 phenotypes)

42
Q

What is a Polygenic Trait?

A

Trait coded by two or more genes, each with 2 or more alleles. (usually forms a bell curve when looking at population).

Honors Biology (1 decks)

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