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Evolution Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

It has no distinct categories, quantitative data and has no limit value
E.g. (height, weight)
Line graph
Controlled by gene and environment

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2
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

There are distinct categories, usually the data is qualitative
E.g (fingerprints, blood group, tongue rolling)
Bar graph
Controlled by a few genes

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3
Q

Define evolution

A

The gradual process of genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations

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4
Q

How are fossils formed

A

Animals die near sedimentary rocks, dead organisms are buried by new layer of earth and rock, they are preserved in the buried rock layer as the calcium in the bones of the organism has mineralized so they harden.

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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of fossils

A

Trace fossil and body fossil

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6
Q

Body fossil or trace fossil? The remains of body parts

A

Body fossil

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7
Q

Give some examples of body and trace fossils

A

Body = shell, bone, teeth
Trace = footprints, faeces

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8
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

Something an organism has left behind

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9
Q

True of false, the deeper the strata (laid down layers of sedimentary rock) the younger the organism is

A

False

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10
Q

What are the 2 methods to determine age of fossils

A

Relative dating and absolute dating

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11
Q

Which type of dating is this?, Look at another fossil either younger or older, but we don’t know the exact age

A

Relative dating

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12
Q

What is absolute dating

A

We can determine exact age of the fossil (via carbon dating)

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13
Q

What is carbon dating

A

Radioactive C-14 in the atmosphere turns into radioactive CO2 which plants use to photosynthesise and is incorporated into animals when the plants are eaten. We then measure the decay of the C-14 using its half life as guidelines for the age of the fossil

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14
Q

The older a sample, the less C-14 is detected, true or false

A

True

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15
Q

What are the 6 evidences of evolution

A

Fossils, geographical distribution, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biochemistry and DNA homology

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16
Q

What is geographical distribution

A

Closely related organisms are now geographically separated so adapt to new environments, due to natural selection and environmental pressures new species are gradually produced via adaptive radiation

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17
Q

What is homologous structure

A

A similar structure from different species that perform a different function. The organisms evolve from a common ancestor

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18
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Organisms evolve by converging towards a shared function e.g. different structure but similar function

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19
Q

What is analogous structure

A

Organisms have no common ancestor but the structures are used for similar functions e.g. penguin and dolphin (fins/flippers)

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20
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

When organisms evolve by diverging away from the original species e.g. same structure different function

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21
Q

What is vestigial structure

A

Organisms have structures that are useless or have lost their original function e.g. appendix and wisdom teeth

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22
Q

What are the types of evolution

A

Divergent evolution, convergent evolution, vestigial evolution

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23
Q

What type of evolution is this , evolution out of a certain adaptation

A

Vestigial evolution

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24
Q

True or false, most vertebrate have different early embryonic development

A

False

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25
True or false, embryos from different species only start to lose their similarities in the later stages of embryonic development
True
26
How is biochemistry used to compare organisms
Universal bases of nucleic acids, metabolic pathways of physiological processes (e.g. breathing, digestion) and the universal use of ATP energy
27
What is DNA homology
Comparing protein sequence and DNA and amino acid sequences between different organisms
28
What are the 2 main theories of evolution
Lamarckism and Darwinism
29
Which theory of evolution is this, if the body parts that are always used will grown stronger (and vice versa) and an organism can pass these modifications onto their offspring
Lamarckism (theory of the giraffe necks)
30
What is Darwinism
Species have evolved from their ancestors via natural selection (those with advantageous characteristics survive and reproduce passing on these favourable genes)
31
What were Darwin's observations from the Galapagos islands
Birth rate is greater than needed BUT the population usually remains stable quantitively for a long period, "survival of the fittest", variation is naturally occurring within a population
32
What is radiometric age often referred to as
Absolute age
33
What are the 2 mechanisms of evolution
Microevolution and Macroevolution
34
Which mechanism of evolution is this, caused by mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, artificial and natural selection?
Microevolution
35
What are the differences and similarities between allopatric and sympatric speciation
Allopatric and sympatric both involve reproductive isolation but in allopatric the populations are geographically isolated whereas sympatric has pre and post-zygotic isolation
36
What are causes of macroevolution
allopatric and sympatric speciation (also extinction as species arise via speciation)
37
How many types of natural selections are there and what are they?
3 types, stabilising selection, diversifying/disruptive selection and directional selection
38
Which type of selection can have the graph moving either to the left or the right
Directional selection
39
What industries use artificial selection and why?
For crops, making them resistant to pesticides and for sheep, making them fatter and fluffier for more meat and wool
40
Which selection does this graph describe, the graph looks the the Petronas twin towers with a shorter CN tower in between
Diversifying/disruptive selection
41
The weight of new-born babies are an example of which type of selection
Stabilising selection
42
What are the pre-zygotic isolations
Temporal, behavioural, ecological and mechanical isolation
43
What are the post zygotic isolations
Hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility and hybrid breakdown
44
Which type of isolation is this and is it pre or post-zygotic, when organisms don't mate because of different mating calls
Behavioural isolation, it is pre-zygotic
45
Which type of isolation is this, when organisms don't mate because they physically cannot
Mechanical isolation
46
What is temporal isolation
When organisms cannot mate because of different breeding seasons
47
What are the different types of mutations that can lead to microevolution
Gene mutations, chromosome mutations and genome mutations
48
Describe each of the 3 mutations that can cause microevolution
Gene: change to the nucleotide sequence Chromosome: change to the structure/arrangement of chromosomes Genome: change to the number of chromosomes
49
Name the different types of chromosome mutations
Insertion, inversion, deletion, duplication, translocation
50
What are the different types of gene mutations
Insertion, deletion, substitution
51
What are aneuploidy and euploidy
They are examples of genome mutations, euploidy is a change in ttl number of chromosomes
52
What causes a change in gene flow
Migration
53
Is this high or low gene flow, allele frequency increases, not a lot of migration and genetic variation increases
Low gene flow
54
Describe high gene flow
Lots of migration and genetic variation decreases
55
What are the 2 types of genetic drift
Bottleneck and founder
56
What is genetic drift
Random changes to the allele frequency in the gene pool of a small population by chance
57
What type of genetic drift is this, a small group of individuals are isolated from the main population, this does not affect the main population
Founder effect
58
Describe the bottleneck effect
When a population rapidly decreases in size due to natural causes/events whereby the original population is impacted
59
Explain directional selection (e.g. the peppered moths)
Organisms are forced to adapt or die, the populations variation is heavily reduced as a single phenotype is favoured
60
What type of natural selection is this, extreme ends of a trait are favoured so population variation is reduced but not massively
Disruptive/diversifying selection
61
Describe stabilising selection
An average phenotype is favoured so genetic variation of a population is reduced across time
62
Is antibiotic resistance an example of natural selection
Yes
63
Is a non-resistant strain of bacteria good or bad and why
Bad as the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotics so die
64
How does antibiotic resistance happen
Some bacteria are naturally resistant, all the other strains die so the resistant one grows and passes its drug resistance genes etc. onto other bacteria
65
What is hybrid inviability
They die before they reach reproductive age/maturity
66
What type of post-zygotic isolating mechanism is this, they are fertile but their offspring has lower survival rate and less reproductive rate
Hybrid breakdown
67

Biology evolution (1 decks)

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