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biology evolution > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

It has no distinct categories, quantitative data and has no limit value
E.g. (height, weight)
Line graph
Controlled by gene and environment

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2
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

There are distinct categories, usually the data is qualitative
E.g (fingerprints, blood group, tongue rolling)
Bar graph
Controlled by a few genes

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3
Q

Define evolution

A

The gradual process of genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations

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4
Q

How are fossils formed

A

Animals die near sedimentary rocks, dead organisms are buried by new layer of earth and rock, they are preserved in the buried rock layer as the calcium in the bones of the organism has mineralized so they harden.

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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of fossils

A

Trace fossil and body fossil

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6
Q

Body fossil or trace fossil? The remains of body parts

A

Body fossil

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7
Q

Give some examples of body and trace fossils

A

Body = shell, bone, teeth
Trace = footprints, faeces

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8
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

Something an organism has left behind

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9
Q

True of false, the deeper the strata (laid down layers of sedimentary rock) the younger the organism is

A

False

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10
Q

What are the 2 methods to determine age of fossils

A

Relative dating and absolute dating

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11
Q

Which type of dating is this?, Look at another fossil either younger or older, but we don’t know the exact age

A

Relative dating

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12
Q

What is absolute dating

A

We can determine exact age of the fossil (via carbon dating)

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13
Q

What is carbon dating

A

Radioactive C-14 in the atmosphere turns into radioactive CO2 which plants use to photosynthesise and is incorporated into animals when the plants are eaten. We then measure the decay of the C-14 using its half life as guidelines for the age of the fossil

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14
Q

The older a sample, the less C-14 is detected, true or false

A

True

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15
Q

What are the 6 evidences of evolution

A

Fossils, geographical distribution, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biochemistry and DNA homology

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16
Q

What is geographical distribution

A

Closely related organisms are now geographically separated so adapt to new environments, due to natural selection and environmental pressures new species are gradually produced via adaptive radiation

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17
Q

What is homologous structure

A

A similar structure from different species that perform a different function. The organisms evolve from a common ancestor

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18
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Organisms evolve by converging towards a shared function e.g. different structure but similar function

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19
Q

What is analogous structure

A

Organisms have no common ancestor but the structures are used for similar functions e.g. penguin and dolphin (fins/flippers)

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20
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

When organisms evolve by diverging away from the original species e.g. same structure different function

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21
Q

What is vestigial structure

A

Organisms have structures that are useless or have lost their original function e.g. appendix and wisdom teeth

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22
Q

What are the types of evolution

A

Divergent evolution, convergent evolution, vestigial evolution

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23
Q

What type of evolution is this , evolution out of a certain adaptation

A

Vestigial evolution

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24
Q

True or false, most vertebrate have different early embryonic development

A

False

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25
Q

True or false, embryos from different species only start to lose their similarities in the later stages of embryonic development

A

True

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26
Q

How is biochemistry used to compare organisms

A

Universal bases of nucleic acids, metabolic pathways of physiological processes (e.g. breathing, digestion) and the universal use of ATP energy

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27
Q

What is DNA homology

A

Comparing protein sequence and DNA and amino acid sequences between different organisms

28
Q

What are the 2 main theories of evolution

A

Lamarckism and Darwinism

29
Q

Which theory of evolution is this, if the body parts that are always used will grown stronger (and vice versa) and an organism can pass these modifications onto their offspring

A

Lamarckism (theory of the giraffe necks)

30
Q

What is Darwinism

A

Species have evolved from their ancestors via natural selection (those with advantageous characteristics survive and reproduce passing on these favourable genes)

31
Q

What were Darwin’s observations from the Galapagos islands

A

Birth rate is greater than needed BUT the population usually remains stable quantitively for a long period, “survival of the fittest”, variation is naturally occurring within a population

32
Q

What is radiometric age often referred to as

A

Absolute age

33
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of evolution

A

Microevolution and Macroevolution

34
Q

Which mechanism of evolution is this, caused by mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, artificial and natural selection?

A

Microevolution

35
Q

What are the differences and similarities between allopatric and sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric and sympatric both involve reproductive isolation but in allopatric the populations are geographically isolated whereas sympatric has pre and post-zygotic isolation

36
Q

What are causes of macroevolution

A

allopatric and sympatric speciation (also extinction as species arise via speciation)

37
Q

How many types of natural selections are there and what are they?

A

3 types, stabilising selection, diversifying/disruptive selection and directional selection

38
Q

Which type of selection can have the graph moving either to the left or the right

A

Directional selection

39
Q

What industries use artificial selection and why?

A

For crops, making them resistant to pesticides and for sheep, making them fatter and fluffier for more meat and wool

40
Q

Which selection does this graph describe, the graph looks the the Petronas twin towers with a shorter CN tower in between

A

Diversifying/disruptive selection

41
Q

The weight of new-born babies are an example of which type of selection

A

Stabilising selection

42
Q

What are the pre-zygotic isolations

A

Temporal, behavioural, ecological and mechanical isolation

43
Q

What are the post zygotic isolations

A

Hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility and hybrid breakdown

44
Q

Which type of isolation is this and is it pre or post-zygotic, when organisms don’t mate because of different mating calls

A

Behavioural isolation, it is pre-zygotic

45
Q

Which type of isolation is this, when organisms don’t mate because they physically cannot

A

Mechanical isolation

46
Q

What is temporal isolation

A

When organisms cannot mate because of different breeding seasons

47
Q

What are the different types of mutations that can lead to microevolution

A

Gene mutations, chromosome mutations and genome mutations

48
Q

Describe each of the 3 mutations that can cause microevolution

A

Gene: change to the nucleotide sequence
Chromosome: change to the structure/arrangement of chromosomes
Genome: change to the number of chromosomes

49
Q

Name the different types of chromosome mutations

A

Insertion, inversion, deletion, duplication, translocation

50
Q

What are the different types of gene mutations

A

Insertion, deletion, substitution

51
Q

What are aneuploidy and euploidy

A

They are examples of genome mutations, euploidy is a change in ttl number of chromosomes

52
Q

What causes a change in gene flow

A

Migration

53
Q

Is this high or low gene flow, allele frequency increases, not a lot of migration and genetic variation increases

A

Low gene flow

54
Q

Describe high gene flow

A

Lots of migration and genetic variation decreases

55
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic drift

A

Bottleneck and founder

56
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Random changes to the allele frequency in the gene pool of a small population by chance

57
Q

What type of genetic drift is this, a small group of individuals are isolated from the main population, this does not affect the main population

A

Founder effect

58
Q

Describe the bottleneck effect

A

When a population rapidly decreases in size due to natural causes/events whereby the original population is impacted

59
Q

Explain directional selection (e.g. the peppered moths)

A

Organisms are forced to adapt or die, the populations variation is heavily reduced as a single phenotype is favoured

60
Q

What type of natural selection is this, extreme ends of a trait are favoured so population variation is reduced but not massively

A

Disruptive/diversifying selection

61
Q

Describe stabilising selection

A

An average phenotype is favoured so genetic variation of a population is reduced across time

62
Q

Is antibiotic resistance an example of natural selection

A

Yes

63
Q

Is a non-resistant strain of bacteria good or bad and why

A

Bad as the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotics so die

64
Q

How does antibiotic resistance happen

A

Some bacteria are naturally resistant, all the other strains die so the resistant one grows and passes its drug resistance genes etc. onto other bacteria

65
Q

What is hybrid inviability

A

They die before they reach reproductive age/maturity

66
Q

What type of post-zygotic isolating mechanism is this, they are fertile but their offspring has lower survival rate and less reproductive rate

A

Hybrid breakdown

67
Q
A

biology evolution (1 decks)

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