Evolution

Question 1

James Usher

Answer 1

Bible true record, 22/10/4004 BC

Question 2

The Great Chain of Being

Answer 2

Charles Bonnet, man as the pinnacle of creation, superficial resemblance,perfect linear arrangement, according to God’s divine plan

Question 3

What caused the changes in thought of evolution? And When

Answer 3

Earth is old, sedimentary rocks, fossils, extinction 17th and 18th century

Question 4

Scientific Method

Answer 4

Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Analysis, Report/Question

Question 5

Georges Cuvier

Answer 5

Old fossils in old strata, suggested extinction, no change in life form from past to now, catastrophism

Question 6

Catastrophism

Answer 6

Unfamiliar mechanism cause past events, periodic flooding and other catastrophes destroyed life. Catastrophe followed by immigration

Question 7

Six Elements of Evolution

Answer 7

Evolution, Gradualism, Common ancestry, Speciation, Natural Selection, Non-Selection Evolution

Question 8

How are traits inherited?

Answer 8

Not pangenesis, Gemmules (Darwin theory)
Via germ cells not somatic (August Weissman)

Question 9

Gemmules, Pangenesis

Answer 9

Tiny particles that were thought to be shed by all cells in the body that contain genetic material and eventually congregate in the gonads.. Gemmules from each parent mix to produce a new industrial

Question 10

Germ Plasm theory

Answer 10

Somatic and Germ (Cary hereditary material) Cells.

Question 11

Mendelian Inheritance

Answer 11

Gregor Mendel, crosses between green peas. Discovered genes (code for traits) and alleles (forms of genes). Genes from mom and dad

Question 12

Three laws of mendelian inheritance

Answer 12

Law of equal segregation
Law of independent assortment
Law of dominance

Question 13

Binomial Classification

Answer 13

Carolus Linneaus. Genus and Species. Detailed Observation of specimen. No linear hierarchical arrangement. Fixed species concept

Question 14

Carolus Linneaus

Answer 14

Noticed plant hybrids could be created by cross-pollinated. Species Plantarum

Question 15

Hierarchy of classification

Answer 15

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 16

Edible Tuber classification

Answer 16

Plantae, anthophyta, eudicotyledones, solanales, solanaceae, solanum, solanum tuberosum

Question 17

Theory of degeneration

Answer 17

Compte de Buffon, derived from single population became subdivided through migration to different areas, changes accumulated overtime. Species could interbreed, limit to how much a group can change. Reversibility

Question 18

James Hutton

Answer 18

Gradual mechanism, river action form valleys, marine fossils were organisms buried by erode sediments

Question 19

Charles Lyell

Answer 19

Uniformitariasm, same geological process operate today as in the past. Mechanisms of change are constant

Question 20

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 20

Theory of inheritance of acquired traits. Soft inheritance. Organism desire for increased complexity, adapt to environment, efforts inherited.

Question 21

Microevolution

Answer 21

Small evolutionary changes, Species level, differences in phenotype within population, allele frequency changes overtime

Question 22

Macroevolution

Answer 22

Evolutionary change above species level. Divergence results in different genera, families, order etc

Question 23

Mechanism of microevolution

Answer 23

Mutation, selection, drift, migration

Question 24

Geospiza Scandens

Answer 24

Disruptive Selection

Question 25

Migration or gene flow. Factors that affect it.

Answer 25

Immigration and Emigration. Natural barriers, movement of animals as compared to plants. Population can coalesce

Question 26

Topological Species concept

Answer 26

All organisms within a species have the same general characteristics. Shortcomings include sexual dimorphism, geographical separation leading to a different and appearance, unsuccessful breeding between morphologically similar species

Question 27

Biological species concept

Answer 27

Reproductively isolated species within specific niche

Question 28

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 28

An irreducible group whose member are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of defining traits.

Question 29

Evolutionary Species Concept

Answer 29

A single lineage of a population. all from a common ancestor, that are distinct from other lineages

Question 30

Speciation

Answer 30

Allopatric, parapatric, sympatric, peripatric

Question 31

Prezygotic Mechanism for Speciation

Answer 31

Geographical isolation, temporal isolation, ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic incompatibility

Question 32

Post-zygotic Mechanism for Speciation

Answer 32

Zygotic mortality, hybrid inviability hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

Question 33

Phyletic Gradualism

Answer 33

Evolutionary changes over a long geological time, it's slow and steady fossil records to show intermediate forms. Imperceptible effects of natural selection.

Question 34

Perissodactlys

Answer 34

Horses evolved from them. Eocene period

Question 35

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 35

Evolutionary changes can be sudden. No change for a long time then abrupt and sudden change. Transitional forms are rare