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zoology > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

1
Q

human’s scientific name

A

genus homo
species sapiens
sub species sapiens
kingdom animalia
family homonidae

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2
Q

men and modern apes

A

common ancestor - homonids

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3
Q

divergence of homonids

A

gibbon 10 million yrs ago
orangutan 8
ancestors of gorilla and chimpanzee 4
humans 2.3

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4
Q

ancient human fossils

A

fossils of ramapithecus, sivapithecus and australopithecus

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5
Q

ancient human fossils originated from

A

common ancestor - dryopithecus or proconsul

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6
Q

cranial capacities of ancient human fossils

A

ramapithecus 500-600 cc
australopithecus 420-550 cc
humans 1400 cc

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7
Q

highest cranial capacity homonid

A

homo neanderthalensis

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8
Q

modern human ancestors

A

homo habilis- 2 mil yrs ago, 700cc ; used tools for hunting and defense
homo erectus:
1.java man: 900cc; prominent chin absent, eyebrow ridges present above the eye, might have constructed and used tools, learned to light fire
2.peking man: similar to java man
neanderthal man: resembled modern man, 1450 cc; capable of communicating, labor division, religion, culture; used animal hides/skin for clothing, made use of fire, tradition to bury dead bodies with ceremonies
cro-magnon man- most similar to modern man called homo sapiens, 1660 cc, facials like modern man, experts in making tools, lived in caves of europe, left printings of animals, but didn’t know about agriculture, socializing and domestication, AKA early european modern humans

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9
Q

modern man year, directions they went

A

homo sapiens sapiens- 10 mil yrs ago, migrated three directions:
east wards: changed to present day’s mongoloids in china and siberia
west wards: white race of europe, SW asia and north africa
south wards: present days negroid race of India, south Africa and Malaysia

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10
Q

major theories of origin of life

A

special creation th
cosmogenic th (th of panspermia)
spontaneous generation th (abigenesis)
biogenesis th
biochemical origin (oparin’s th)

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11
Q

special th: first man and woman

A

hindu: manu and shatapura/sraddha
ch: adam and eve

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12
Q

cosmogenic th

A

life from other planets from meteorites in form of small pores called panspermia

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13
Q

abiogenesis th

A

living beings originated spontaneously from inanimate (non living) things
ex: frogs, toad, snake from mud
microorganisms from air or water
flies, parasites from sweet, manure

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14
Q

biogenesis th and exp to prove it

A

opposes abiogenesis th
life from pre-existing living beings
exp: 1. redi’s exp: fly maggots not from meat
2. spallanzani exp: hay infusion boiled to kill microbes, kept in airtight vs corked tubes, microorganisms found in corked tubes only
3. pasteur’s exp: hay inf boiled in swan necked tubes, kept closed no microor, kept open yes microor

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15
Q

biochem origin of life

A

life from non living inorganic compounds of primitive oceans

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16
Q

chemogeny

A

synthesis of simple organic molecules: primitive atm had co2, nitrogen from which formed methane, ammonia, water vapour, hydrogen; hydrocarbons, carbonyl comp, carb, amino and fatty acids, purines, pyrimidines, nucleotides all formed
All chem rxn presumed to take place in hot sea water rich in prim. org comp so aka hot dilute soup/ primordial soup/ pre-biotic soup

17
Q

biogeny

A

formation of nucleic acids then co-acervates from which came anaerobic heterotrophs/ protocells/ first cells called protobionts which gave eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

18
Q

cognogeny

A

diversification of protozoa/primitive animal like protists , metazoa (multicellular animals), metaphyta (multicelullar plants) which due shortage of food became saprophytic, parasitic, photosynthetic

19
Q

miller - urey exp

A

support oparin’s th
water boiled to give vapour in water chanmber while gas chamber had H, ch4, nh3, electric charge provided
result: due to lightning, primitve comp. formed amino acids and other org. comp.

20
Q

define evolution, types

A

slow progressive change resulting in complexity from simple lower organisms, taken place since million yrs ago
org evolution: gradual change of simple lower living beings to complex higher
inorg evo: simple non living to complex non living

21
Q

patterns of org evo

A

divergent evo / adaptive radiation: one ancestral species to varieties adapting to diff env
convergent / adaptive convergence: diff species adapt similarly due to similar env
progressive: simple forms to specialized forms ex: amphibians from fish like ancestors, birds and mammals from reptile like
retrogressive: special to simple form ex: flying to flightless birds, monocots from complex herbaceous group
parallel: independent species acquire similar characters while evolving at same tine in same ecospace ex: burrowing by mole and marsupial mole, gliding by flying squirrel and sugar glider

22
Q

marsupial

A

mammals whose babies are born incompletely developed and are carried in pouch

23
Q

analogous organs

A

similar functions diff origins
ex; wings of butterfly, birds, bats

24
Q

homologous organs

A

similar origin diff functions
ex: forelimbs of whale, bat, horse, man

25
Q

atavism

A

ancestral organs which suddenly appeared in modern men
ex: pointed canine teeth, much body hair

26
Q

recapitulation th

A

aka biogenetic law given by ernst haeckel
“every organism during its development (ontogeny) repeats the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of its race”
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
ex: in frogs, tadpoles swim with tail and respire by gills just like fishes so they might have evolved from fish like ancestors

27
Q

connecting links

A

archaeopteryx: reptile and birds
Duck-billed platypus: mammals and reptiles
Lungfish: fish and amphibian
Seymouria: amphibians and reptiles
Balanaglossus: chordates and non chordates
Peripatus: anelida and arthropoda

28
Q

lamarckism

A

published in “zoological philosophy” book
tendency to grow
formation of new organs, acc to need and want
use and disuse of organs
inheritance of acquired characters

29
Q

greatest opponent of lamarck

A

weisman

30
Q

darwinism

A

book “origin of species”
over production
struggle for existence
natural selection (survival of fittest)
variation and heredity
origin of species

31
Q

neo darwinism

A

weisman used his theory of germplasm in this
germ cells changes inherited
somatic cell changes not inherited

32
Q

mutation proposed by
types

A

hugo de vries
chromosomal : occurs in chromosome and affects its no. and structure
genetic: occurs in genes, affects genetic makeup and constitution

33
Q
A

zoology (11 decks)

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