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Biosci 109 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin’s book

A

Origin of species

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification

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3
Q

Galileo

A

Contradicted earth centric view with observations on Jupiter’s moons - offended pope and religious values

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4
Q

Science is

A

Empirical
Testable
Follows a process

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5
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses and is supported by a wide body of evidence

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6
Q

Theory integrates

A

Facts, hypotheses and laws

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

Proposed explanation for a set of observations

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8
Q

Earths age

A

4.55 billion years

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9
Q

Omphalos argument

A

Did Adam and Eve have belly buttons -
belly buttons come from umbilical cord so if god created Adam and Eve did they have umbilical cords
- Philip Henry Gosse

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10
Q

Strata

A

Geological layers in rocks

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11
Q

K pg boundary

A

End of the Cretaceous boundary when dinosaurs went extinct
252 million years ago

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12
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate, each element has its own half life

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13
Q

Carbon 14 (radiocarbon dating)

A

Only works up to 50,000 years
Half life is 5,000 years

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14
Q

Pangenesis theory

A

Hereditary particles (gemmules) fuse in reproductive organs

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15
Q

Larmarckian inheritance

A

Theorised inheritance of acquired characteristics
Adaption by use and disuse
Eg giraffes

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16
Q

August Weismann germ plasm theory

A

Germline cells pass on genetics, soma cells descended from germ cells

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17
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Punnet squares, Mendels peas, dominant and recessive

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18
Q

Continuous vs discrete traits

A

Continuous - evolution of characters, natural selection, biometricians
Discrete - Mendelian’s, evolution by mutation

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19
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Many different factors combine to produce a bell curve of continuous characteristics

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20
Q

Modern synthesis argument

A
  • variation comes from mutations
  • classification and phylogeny is basic
  • evolution is ‘smooth’
  • speciation is allopatric
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21
Q

Polymorphism

A

A trait that is variable within a population

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22
Q

Fixed

A

A trait with no polymorphism

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23
Q

SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism - singular dna base that varies in a population

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24
Q

Percentage of dna that codes for proteins

A

1.5%

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25
Q

Advantages of probabilistic model

A

Predicted data
Predict parameters
Allows comparisons of data

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26
Q

population

A

Group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area and interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

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27
Q

Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium model conditions

A
  • no mutations
  • random mating
  • no natural selection
  • extremely large population
  • no gene flow
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28
Q

HWE model

A

Allele frequency will remain constant between generations
P^2 + 2pq + q ^2 = 1

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29
Q

Sickle cell hwe departure

A

Genotype AS carries sickle cell allele as it also provides malaria resistance

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30
Q

What percentage of human dna is different

A

0.1 percent difference, only 15% of that difference due to geographic location

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31
Q

Natural selection

A

Explains fit of form and function
Natural factors impact upon the trait variations and allele frequency within a population as some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce

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32
Q

Mathematic fitness

A

Usually a parameter in a model
Number of offspring per lifetime that survive to a particular age

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33
Q

Darwinian fitness

A

Physical ability

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34
Q

Types of selection

A

Directional
Disruptive
Stabilising

35
Q

Natural selection evolution of eye

A

Darwin (compounded natural selection) vs Paley (shows gods creation)

36
Q

Ernst Mayr

A

Darwin failed to actually solve the issue of origin of species

37
Q

George Simpson

A

Darwin neglected to answer how species originate, and how species diverges

38
Q

Linnaean taxonomy (1700s)

A

System for the Ordering of species

39
Q

Type specimens

A

Every Recorded organism that is labelled and entered into a database

40
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographic barrier limits gene flow

41
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Other barriers limit gene flow

42
Q

Prezygotic sympatric barriers

A

Temporal
Mechanical
Habitat
Behavioural
Gametic

43
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

Hybridity zone between populations

44
Q

Vicariance

A

Type of allopatric speciation where a physical barrier forms to isolate populations

45
Q

Dispersal

A

Allopatric speciation where part of the population crosses a barrier to create a seperate population

46
Q

Post zygote barriers

A

Hybrid viability
Hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown (offspring of 2nd gen hybrids can’t breed)

47
Q

Importance of phylogenies

A

Record macroevolutionary history
Record biogeographic history
Records major transitions
Changes taxonomy

48
Q

Monophyly

A

All descendants of the most recent common ancestor

49
Q

Paraphyly

A

Descendants of a common ancestor excluding some subgroups

50
Q

Polyphyly

A

Group of organisms of mixed evolutionary origin ( often related to homologous structures

51
Q

Character data

A

Characteristics of species that can be objectively described and measured

52
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Key Transitional fossil between birds and reptiles

53
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Fossils with a collection of morphological characteristics that include some but not all characteristics defining taxa

54
Q

Fossils

A

Any trace of a past living organism

55
Q

Crown groups

A

Living species of a group with common ancestor

56
Q

Stem groups

A

Taxa with some but not all defining characteristics of the crown group

57
Q

Whale development

A

Develops from walking mammals (artiodactyls)

58
Q

Vestigial characters / atavisms

A

Leftover structures that have no current function but are residual parts from a past ancestor

59
Q

Haeckels embryos

A

Embryos look similar at early stages, proving common ancestor

60
Q

Hox genes

A

Developmental trigger genes shared across vertebrates

61
Q

Macro evolution

A

The patterns and processes of evolution above the level of populations change and differentiation. This follows upon speciation events

62
Q

Rocks vs clocks debate

A

When molecular phylogenetics give dates that are much older than the dates of the oldest fossil record

63
Q

Examples of rocks vs clocks

A

Placental mammals
Aves
Angiosperms
Cambrian phyla

64
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Many types of animal phyla evolve very quickly,
543-500 mya

65
Q

First observed fossils of trilobites

A

521 mya
But molecular evidence suggests actual timing

66
Q

Ediacaran fossils

A

Organisms from pre Cambrian period mostly fed on algal bloom

67
Q

Key macro evolution misconception

A

Macro evolution doesn’t have to exist on a bigger time scale eg dog species variation vs order Carnivora

68
Q

Mass extinction

A

Huge drop in diversity over geological time - occurs 5x
Requires 75%+ of species to go extinct

69
Q

K-pg extinction

A

66mya
End of Cretaceous period
Dinosaurs go extinct

70
Q

Red queen hypothesis

A

All species are adapting to constantly changing conditions; it is inevitable for some not to go extinct

71
Q

Random environmental fluctuations

A

Climate is never constant, there will always be a bad year or decade for vulnerable taxa

72
Q

Secular change

A

Gradual change in climate eg nz warming after Miocene means less warm climate taxa

73
Q

End Permian extinction

A

252 mya
Oxygen crisis - likely caused by magma release from earth

74
Q

Biases of mass extinction

A
  • freshwater species survive more
  • anthropogenic extinction, large species extinct first bc small populations and slow reproduction
75
Q

RNA world theory

A

RNA originally functioned as both dna and rna, could perform catalysis

76
Q

Chicken or egg question

A

Egg evolved first

77
Q

Sex

A

Genetic recombination to produce offspring with mixed genome

78
Q

Anisogamous

A

Gametes differ in size

79
Q

Gonochorism

A

Organism specialised for one gamete

80
Q

Sequential hermaphroditism

A

Changes in sex based on differing factors eg body size

81
Q

SRY gene

A

Sex determining region Y gene
Activates genes in the male developmental pathway

82
Q

Parental investment theory

A

Females invest more so are more choosy

83
Q

Evolution of sex characteristics

A

Anisogamy
Multicellular hermaphrodite
Gonochromism
GSD
SRY
Y chromosome

Biosci 109 (2 decks)

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