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Biosci 109 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Darwin’s book

A

Origin of species

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification

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3
Q

Galileo

A

Contradicted earth centric view with observations on Jupiter’s moons - offended pope and religious values

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4
Q

Science is

A

Empirical
Testable
Follows a process

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5
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses and is supported by a wide body of evidence

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6
Q

Theory integrates

A

Facts, hypotheses and laws

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

Proposed explanation for a set of observations

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8
Q

Earths age

A

4.55 billion years

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9
Q

Omphalos argument

A

Did Adam and Eve have belly buttons -
belly buttons come from umbilical cord so if god created Adam and Eve did they have umbilical cords
- Philip Henry Gosse

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10
Q

Strata

A

Geological layers in rocks

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11
Q

K pg boundary

A

End of the Cretaceous boundary when dinosaurs went extinct
252 million years ago

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12
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate, each element has its own half life

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13
Q

Carbon 14 (radiocarbon dating)

A

Only works up to 50,000 years
Half life is 5,000 years

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14
Q

Pangenesis theory

A

Hereditary particles (gemmules) fuse in reproductive organs

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15
Q

Larmarckian inheritance

A

Theorised inheritance of acquired characteristics
Adaption by use and disuse
Eg giraffes

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16
Q

August Weismann germ plasm theory

A

Germline cells pass on genetics, soma cells descended from germ cells

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17
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Punnet squares, Mendels peas, dominant and recessive

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18
Q

Continuous vs discrete traits

A

Continuous - evolution of characters, natural selection, biometricians
Discrete - Mendelian’s, evolution by mutation

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19
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Many different factors combine to produce a bell curve of continuous characteristics

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20
Q

Modern synthesis argument

A
  • variation comes from mutations
  • classification and phylogeny is basic
  • evolution is ‘smooth’
  • speciation is allopatric
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21
Q

Polymorphism

A

A trait that is variable within a population

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22
Q

Fixed

A

A trait with no polymorphism

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23
Q

SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism - singular dna base that varies in a population

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24
Q

Percentage of dna that codes for proteins

A

1.5%

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25
Advantages of probabilistic model
Predicted data Predict parameters Allows comparisons of data
26
population
Group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area and interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
27
Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium model conditions
- no mutations - random mating - no natural selection - extremely large population - no gene flow
28
HWE model
Allele frequency will remain constant between generations P^2 + 2pq + q ^2 = 1
29
Sickle cell hwe departure
Genotype AS carries sickle cell allele as it also provides malaria resistance
30
What percentage of human dna is different
0.1 percent difference, only 15% of that difference due to geographic location
31
Natural selection
Explains fit of form and function Natural factors impact upon the trait variations and allele frequency within a population as some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce
32
Mathematic fitness
Usually a parameter in a model Number of offspring per lifetime that survive to a particular age
33
Darwinian fitness
Physical ability
34
Types of selection
Directional Disruptive Stabilising
35
Natural selection evolution of eye
Darwin (compounded natural selection) vs Paley (shows gods creation)
36
Ernst Mayr
Darwin failed to actually solve the issue of origin of species
37
George Simpson
Darwin neglected to answer how species originate, and how species diverges
38
Linnaean taxonomy (1700s)
System for the Ordering of species
39
Type specimens
Every Recorded organism that is labelled and entered into a database
40
Allopatric speciation
Geographic barrier limits gene flow
41
Sympatric speciation
Other barriers limit gene flow
42
Prezygotic sympatric barriers
Temporal Mechanical Habitat Behavioural Gametic
43
Parapatric speciation
Hybridity zone between populations
44
Vicariance
Type of allopatric speciation where a physical barrier forms to isolate populations
45
Dispersal
Allopatric speciation where part of the population crosses a barrier to create a seperate population
46
Post zygote barriers
Hybrid viability Hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown (offspring of 2nd gen hybrids can’t breed)
47
Importance of phylogenies
Record macroevolutionary history Record biogeographic history Records major transitions Changes taxonomy
48
Monophyly
All descendants of the most recent common ancestor
49
Paraphyly
Descendants of a common ancestor excluding some subgroups
50
Polyphyly
Group of organisms of mixed evolutionary origin ( often related to homologous structures
51
Character data
Characteristics of species that can be objectively described and measured
52
Archaeopteryx
Key Transitional fossil between birds and reptiles
53
Transitional fossils
Fossils with a collection of morphological characteristics that include some but not all characteristics defining taxa
54
Fossils
Any trace of a past living organism
55
Crown groups
Living species of a group with common ancestor
56
Stem groups
Taxa with some but not all defining characteristics of the crown group
57
Whale development
Develops from walking mammals (artiodactyls)
58
Vestigial characters / atavisms
Leftover structures that have no current function but are residual parts from a past ancestor
59
Haeckels embryos
Embryos look similar at early stages, proving common ancestor
60
Hox genes
Developmental trigger genes shared across vertebrates
61
Macro evolution
The patterns and processes of evolution above the level of populations change and differentiation. This follows upon speciation events
62
Rocks vs clocks debate
When molecular phylogenetics give dates that are much older than the dates of the oldest fossil record
63
Examples of rocks vs clocks
Placental mammals Aves Angiosperms Cambrian phyla
64
Cambrian explosion
Many types of animal phyla evolve very quickly, 543-500 mya
65
First observed fossils of trilobites
521 mya But molecular evidence suggests actual timing
66
Ediacaran fossils
Organisms from pre Cambrian period mostly fed on algal bloom
67
Key macro evolution misconception
Macro evolution doesn’t have to exist on a bigger time scale eg dog species variation vs order Carnivora
68
Mass extinction
Huge drop in diversity over geological time - occurs 5x Requires 75%+ of species to go extinct
69
K-pg extinction
66mya End of Cretaceous period Dinosaurs go extinct
70
Red queen hypothesis
All species are adapting to constantly changing conditions; it is inevitable for some not to go extinct
71
Random environmental fluctuations
Climate is never constant, there will always be a bad year or decade for vulnerable taxa
72
Secular change
Gradual change in climate eg nz warming after Miocene means less warm climate taxa
73
End Permian extinction
252 mya Oxygen crisis - likely caused by magma release from earth
74
Biases of mass extinction
- freshwater species survive more - anthropogenic extinction, large species extinct first bc small populations and slow reproduction
75
RNA world theory
RNA originally functioned as both dna and rna, could perform catalysis
76
Chicken or egg question
Egg evolved first
77
Sex
Genetic recombination to produce offspring with mixed genome
78
Anisogamous
Gametes differ in size
79
Gonochorism
Organism specialised for one gamete
80
Sequential hermaphroditism
Changes in sex based on differing factors eg body size
81
SRY gene
Sex determining region Y gene Activates genes in the male developmental pathway
82
Parental investment theory
Females invest more so are more choosy
83
Evolution of sex characteristics
Anisogamy Multicellular hermaphrodite Gonochromism GSD SRY Y chromosome

Biosci 109 (2 decks)

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