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Zoology BIO 202 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

4 basis of natural selection

A

1) heritable variation
2) competition for resources
3) reproductive success varies
4) organisms adapt with environment

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2
Q

Mechanisms for modification

A

Gene variation
Pressure at individual level

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3
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity
Passed from partner to offspring

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4
Q

Genetic fitness

A

Individuals ability to reproduce relative to others.
More for= ability to spread more genes

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

Evolve trait better visited to environment. Result of natural selection.

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6
Q

Traits between two species link them together. Share a common ancestor

A

Transitional species

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7
Q

Linked fish and amphibians

A

Tetrapods

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8
Q

Similar structures
inherited from common ancestor

A

Homologous structures

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9
Q

Similar structures
Originated independently

A

Analogous structures

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10
Q

Structure important for ancestor
Remains in derived species

A

Vestigial structures

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11
Q

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Penicillin and methicillin resistant

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12
Q

Biogeographic evidence

A

Similarities in global strata
All continents were connected and split apart

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13
Q

Marsupials in Australia

A

Egg laying- marsupial pouch- placenta
Placental mammals outcompeted marsupials in South America.

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14
Q

Species definition

A

Group of same kind of organism in a population
May breed to produce viable offspring
Do not breed with other kinds

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15
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of two species from one

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16
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

Geographic isolation. Physical barrier
Adaptive radiation

17
Q

Sympatric specidtion

A

Within same area
Gene flow
Sexual selection
Habitat differentiation

18
Q

Gene flow types

A

Polyploidy: >2 chromosome copies
Autopolyploid: cell division error. Tetraploid cells. Self pollination
Allopolyploid: Asexual reproduction. Interbreeding with sterile hybrids.

19
Q

Pre-zygotic barriers

A

Temporal
Habitat
Behavioral
Mechanical
Gametic

20
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Pre zygotic Limit mating
2 species with 2 habitats within same area. Rare encounters

21
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Pre-zygotic prevents mating
Seasonal breeding.

22
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Pre-zygotic Prevents mating
Specific mating rituals

23
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Pre-zygotic prevents fertilization
Mismatched anatomy prevents fertilization

24
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Pre-zygotic prevents fertilization
Morphology of sperm or biochemical barrier.

25
Q

Post zygotic barriers

A

Hybrid viability: low hybrid survival rate
Hybrid fertility: sterile hybrids due to chromosome numbers differing
Hybrid breakdown: first generation may be fertile, but 2nd is sterile

26
Q

Hybrid patterns

A

Spatially overlap zone. Patches and boundary overlap. Alleles change within zone. Hybrids have more developmental problems.

27
Q

Hybrid Environment

A

Climate change shoots hybrid zones and provide buffer to climate change.

28
Q

Results of hybrids

A

Temporary reconnection re-establishes gene flow. Real time speciation

29
Q

Hybrid reinforcement

A

Strengthening reproductive barriers.
Reinforced sympatric speciation
Changes occur via natural selection.

30
Q

Hybrid fusion

A

Wearing of reproductive barriers. Gene pools become more similar
Biodiversity decreases

31
Q

Stability

A

Continued formation of hybrid individuals
Many hybrids despite low success rate because both species often enter hybrid zones.
Narrow zone= more hybrids
Wider zone= less hybrids

32
Q

Time for speciation

A

4,000 years- 40 mil years
Average 6.5 million years

33
Q

Speciation punctual model

A

Short speciation. Prolonged stabilization.
Abrupt extinction

34
Q

Speciation gradual model

A

Small incremental changes over entire time period. Produced two species

Zoology BIO 202 (16 decks)

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