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Organismal Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

the change in the frequency of an allele from one generation to the next

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2
Q

gene

A

section of DNA that codes for a protein (usually traits)

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3
Q

locus

A

spot on a chromosome where a gene is found

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4
Q

allele

A

different form of a gene

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5
Q

genotypes

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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6
Q

phenotype

A

expressed traits of an organism

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7
Q

genetic variation

A

all organisms vary

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8
Q

population/species

A

a group of individuals that can exchange genetic information

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9
Q

gene pool

A

-number of alleles
-the larger the gene pool, the larger the genetic variation

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10
Q

population genetics

A

study of the patterns of genetic information

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11
Q

mutation

A

changes nucleotide sequences

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12
Q

recombination

A

crossing over in meiosis

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13
Q

nucleotides

A

sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base

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14
Q

gamete

A

sex cells
2n->2n= mitosis
2n->n=meiosis

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15
Q

germ-line mutation

A

mutation that occurs in the form of a gamete

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16
Q

somatic mutations

A

mutations in a cell not producing gametes

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17
Q

deleterious

A

genetic variations that make it hard to survive and reproduce

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18
Q

neutral

A

genetic variations that don’t help or hurt

19
Q

advantageous

A

genetic variations that help survive and reporduce

20
Q

adaptation

A

a genetic change to an individual that makes them better able to survive and reproduce

21
Q

allele frequencies

A

of an allele/total # of alleles

22
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

did most of his work on peas and looked at seven different traits

23
Q

fixed allele

A

100% allele frequency

24
Q

test cross

A

crossing with a homozygous recessive to determine the allele frequency

25
Q

electrophoresis

A
26
Q

catalysts

A

enzymes that bind molecules

27
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium conditions

A

-no selection (no difference in survival/ reproductive success of individuals)
-no migration or immigration
-no mutation
-mating must be random

28
Q

Lamark

A

-the French consider him the father of evolution
-he was looking at evolution in individuals instead of populations

29
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allege frequencies due to the random effects of a small population

30
Q

natural selection

A

the driving mechanism for how populations change

31
Q

Darwin’s postulates

A
  1. all organisms show variation
  2. all species produce more offspring than can survive
  3. individuals with favorable traits will tend to survive and reproduce, passing favorable traits to offspring
  4. result is a change toward favorable traits in the population
  5. overtime this leads to populations becoming adaptive to their environment
32
Q

fitness

A

a measure of how well an individual’s phenotype is represented in the next generation

33
Q

artificial selection

A

differential breeding

34
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selects against extremes

35
Q

directional selection

A

selects against one of the two extremes

36
Q

disruptive selection

A

selects against the mean and favors the extremes

37
Q

sexual selction

A

selection that promotes an individuals access to mating

38
Q

extinction

A

allele is 0% of the population

39
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

-starts with a large population and ends with small population
-allele frequency is altered due to a population crash
-bottlenecked population= founders effect
-starts a new population
-over/under-represented genes

40
Q

divergence

A

molecular evolution

41
Q

molecular clock

A

using the amount of change between 2 groups to estimate the last time they were together

42
Q

species

A

fundamental biological unit

43
Q

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

A

-proposed by Ernst Mayer
-a species is a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups and have to be able to produce reproductively viable offspring

Organismal Biology (1 decks)

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