Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

the change in the frequency of an allele from one generation to the next

Question 2

gene

Answer 2

section of DNA that codes for a protein (usually traits)

Question 3

locus

Answer 3

spot on a chromosome where a gene is found

Question 4

allele

Answer 4

different form of a gene

Question 5

genotypes

Answer 5

genetic makeup of an organism

Question 6

phenotype

Answer 6

expressed traits of an organism

Question 7

genetic variation

Answer 7

all organisms vary

Question 8

population/species

Answer 8

a group of individuals that can exchange genetic information

Question 9

gene pool

Answer 9

-number of alleles
-the larger the gene pool, the larger the genetic variation

Question 10

population genetics

Answer 10

study of the patterns of genetic information

Question 11

mutation

Answer 11

changes nucleotide sequences

Question 12

recombination

Answer 12

crossing over in meiosis

Question 13

nucleotides

Answer 13

sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base

Question 14

gamete

Answer 14

sex cells
2n->2n= mitosis
2n->n=meiosis

Question 15

germ-line mutation

Answer 15

mutation that occurs in the form of a gamete

Question 16

somatic mutations

Answer 16

mutations in a cell not producing gametes

Question 17

deleterious

Answer 17

genetic variations that make it hard to survive and reproduce

Question 18

neutral

Answer 18

genetic variations that don’t help or hurt

Question 19

advantageous

Answer 19

genetic variations that help survive and reporduce

Question 20

adaptation

Answer 20

a genetic change to an individual that makes them better able to survive and reproduce

Question 21

allele frequencies

Answer 21

of an allele/total # of alleles

Question 22

Gregor Mendel

Answer 22

did most of his work on peas and looked at seven different traits

Question 23

fixed allele

Answer 23

100% allele frequency

Question 24

test cross

Answer 24

crossing with a homozygous recessive to determine the allele frequency

Question 25

electrophoresis

Question 26

catalysts

Answer 26

enzymes that bind molecules

Question 27

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium conditions

Answer 27

-no selection (no difference in survival/ reproductive success of individuals) -no migration or immigration -no mutation -mating must be random

Question 28

Lamark

Answer 28

-the French consider him the father of evolution -he was looking at evolution in individuals instead of populations

Question 29

genetic drift

Answer 29

change in allege frequencies due to the random effects of a small population

Question 30

natural selection

Answer 30

the driving mechanism for how populations change

Question 31

Darwin's postulates

Answer 31

1. all organisms show variation 2. all species produce more offspring than can survive 3. individuals with favorable traits will tend to survive and reproduce, passing favorable traits to offspring 4. result is a change toward favorable traits in the population 5. overtime this leads to populations becoming adaptive to their environment

Question 32

fitness

Answer 32

a measure of how well an individual's phenotype is represented in the next generation

Question 33

artificial selection

Answer 33

differential breeding

Question 34

stabilizing selection

Answer 34

selects against extremes

Question 35

directional selection

Answer 35

selects against one of the two extremes

Question 36

disruptive selection

Answer 36

selects against the mean and favors the extremes

Question 37

sexual selction

Answer 37

selection that promotes an individuals access to mating

Question 38

extinction

Answer 38

allele is 0% of the population

Question 39

genetic bottleneck

Answer 39

-starts with a large population and ends with small population -allele frequency is altered due to a population crash -bottlenecked population= founders effect -starts a new population -over/under-represented genes

Question 40

divergence

Answer 40

molecular evolution

Question 41

molecular clock

Answer 41

using the amount of change between 2 groups to estimate the last time they were together

Question 42

species

Answer 42

fundamental biological unit

Question 43

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

Answer 43

-proposed by Ernst Mayer -a species is a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups and have to be able to produce reproductively viable offspring