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Bio Final > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in the distribution of heritable phenotypes within a population

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2
Q

Requirements for evolutionary change

A
  • heritable variation in phenotypes due to genetic variation
  • A mechanism of change
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3
Q

Phenotype

A

Observed characteristics ex hair color or eye color

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4
Q

Population

A

Group of the same species living in the same area

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5
Q

Why can’t individuals evolve

A

Evolution is seen in populations not individuals

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6
Q

Genotypes of an individual does not change over a lifetime

A

Mutations occur in specific cells not in a whole organism

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7
Q

Why is no individual perfect for their environment?

A

Evolution cannot lead to organisms perfectly suited for their environment

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8
Q

Reasons for why evolutionary change cannot lead to organisms that are perfect for their environment

A
  • Environmental conditions change
  • traits have trad-offs
  • constrained, limited or randomly introduced variation
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9
Q

Name the 6 mechanisms for evolutionary change:

A

Mutations
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Sexual selection

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10
Q

Mutations

A

Source of new alleles, rarely if ever change allele frequency’s

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11
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random sampling that changes populations alleles

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12
Q

Gene flow

A

Movements between populations changes alleles

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Differences in survival and reproduction causes change in alleles

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14
Q

Artificial selection

A

Human intervention, humans choose alleles to be passed on

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15
Q

Sexual selection

A

Mate selection or competition for mates

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16
Q

What mechanism favors trait that improve ability to reproduce?

A

Sexual selection

17
Q

Which two mechanisms can introduce new alleles?

A

Mutations and gene flow

18
Q

What mechanism can cause a new trait to occur for a reason?

A

NO mechanism can

19
Q

Genetic drift def

A

Changing frequency of alleles by chance event- change unpredictably
Random sampling= random fertilization

20
Q

Which mechanism influences all populations?

A

Genetic drift

21
Q

What population size is more likely to be altered by genetic drift?

A

Small populations are more likely to be significantly altered by genetic drift

22
Q

Bottle neck effect (genetic drift)

A

Loss of significant proportion of population leading to DECREASED genetic diversity

23
Q

Founder effect

A

A proportion of a population moves and forms a new population

24
Q

Bottleneck and founder effect can:

A

Cause significant changes in allele frequency quickly, because only a proportion of initial population is present due to loss/move

25
Q

Gene flow def:

A

Movement of individuals or gemates between populations that changes allele frequency to change

26
Q

3 factors of magnitude of change

A
  • Different alldeles frequency
  • How many move in what direction
  • Duration of movement (long/short time)
27
Q

Natural selection def

A

Favors traits that improve ability to survive and reproduce (improves relative fitness)

28
Q

Relative fitness

A

Number of alleles passed on compared to others in population

29
Q

Adaptation

A

Increase relative fitness (dependent on environment)

30
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors ONE extreme (lower OR higher fitness) “or”

31
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Disfavors extremes (favors middle) “none”

32
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favors BOTH extremes (extremes more common) “BOTH”

33
Q

Sexual selection def

A

Favors traits that improve chances of getting a mate

34
Q

Two key points about sexual selection

A
  • Must increase attractiveness to opposite sex
  • may decrease ability to survive
35
Q

Artificial selection def

A

Changes in allele frequency due to human intervention
Humans choose best alt based on traits

36
Q

Artificial selection is the only mechanism:

A

With a goal

37
Q

Artificial selection does not…

A

Introduce new alleles
Lead to adaptation

Bio Final (2 decks)

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