Evolution

Question 1

Evolutionary convergence

Answer 1

desenvolvem características semelhantes de origens diferentes

Question 2

Shared vs derived characters

Answer 2

shared - common between two lineages

derived - evolved in the leaneage that sets them appart from others

Question 3

homologous vs analogous

Answer 3

homologous - inherited from an ancestor

analogous- evolved independently (convergent evolution)

Question 4

cryptic colouration

Answer 4

helps camouflage

Question 5

principle of variation

Answer 5

there’s variation between members of a species regarding morphological, physiological and behavioral traits

Question 6

principle of heredity

Answer 6

variation is in par heritable so offspring resembles more their parents than non related

Question 7

principle of differential fitness

Answer 7

different variants leave different number of offspring either in imediate or remote generations

Question 8

3 conditions for evolution by natural selection

Answer 8

• phenotipic variation
• heritability
• associated differences in fitness

Question 9

Which mutations are really important in evolution

Answer 9

germline cell mutations- can be passed down to offspring

Question 10

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 10

ability of individuals to alter its physiology morphology and or behaviour in response to change in the enviromental conditions

Question 11

selection differential vs gradient

Answer 11

differential - change in the mean phenotype before and after a selection episode, response to selection
gradient- relationship between the phenotype and the fitnes, how selection acts on a trait

Question 12

explanations for a presence of a trait besides selection

Answer 12

• it’s ancestral, retained because it was favored by selection/lack of genetic variability/genetic or functional constraints
• its derived, by a stochastic process (mutation by genetic drift, ld or pleiotropy) or adaptation (driven by selection)

Question 13

pleiotropy

Answer 13

related or controled by genes that have other importat functions and are dificult to modify without negative effects - one trait is influenced bt many genes

Question 14

adaptation from pleiotropy by…

Answer 14

gene duplication :

• unequal crossing over
• retroposition
• partial or total genome duplication

Question 15

ring species

Answer 15

two populations which do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed.

Question 16

batesian mimicry

Answer 16

eddible animal resembles animal that’s avoided by predators

Question 17

why can mimicry be imperfect?

Answer 17

Proved theory- relaxed selection

Disproven:

• eye of the beholder, similar enough
• constraints that limit the evoution of a more perfect one
• multiple predators
• satyric mimicry, on porpouse to confuse and make time

Question 18

effects of different types of selection on a population

Answer 18

• Stabilizing : mean is constant, variance decreases
• Directional: Mean changes, variance decreases
• Disruptive :mean changes, variance increases, dimorphisms, speciation

Question 19

Haldane’s rule

Answer 19

early stage speciation : if in a specia hybrid only one sex is inviable or sterile, that sex is more likelly to be the heterogameti sex