evolution Flashcards
peripatric speciation
A subset of the main population is isolated. The frequency of trait mightdiffer from main and diverge over time.
parapatric speciation
A species is spread over a large area, which restrict mating to an immediate vicinity. Hybrid zones exist
punctuated evolution
Long periods of little change followed by rapid change
kin selection
Helpful behavior (altruism) can evolve if it is directed towards kin (closely related family members)
inclusive fitness
The reproductive succss of the extended family
Hamilton`s Rule
Altruistic behvior would evolve under:
the benefits of inclusive fitness outweigh the cost of altruism
b > c/r
Bateman`s Principle
Female reproductive success is limited by access to resources
Male reproductiive success is limited by access to females
There is lower variation in reproductive success in females
Most of the time females choose
lek
male communal breeding display
Good genes hypothesis
Secondary sex characteristics signal increased fitness
Runaway sexual selection
self-reinforcing cycle that leads to the evolution of some arbitrary trait
Heritable
Traits that can be passed from one generation to the next
Spite
Behavior that harms both the actor and the recipient. Help the overall inclusive fitness of the group
b > c/r
Parent-offspring conflict
Parents and offsrping disagree over each other`s fitness interests. Parents might save resources for future offspring at the expense of current offsrping
(begging, siblicide)
Reciprocity
An exchange in fitess benefits over time resulting innet gain for both individuals, most likely to occur amongst known indiviuals. there is vulnerability from first actor
(cheaters, are kept in check )
