Evology Final

Question 1

Components of soil?

Answer 1

Climate, topography, biota, and time

Question 2

What is weathering?

Answer 2

Decomposition of soil

Question 3

Differentiate consolidated vs unconsolidated parent material

Answer 3

Consolidated has been formed in geological substrates and unconsolidated has been transported by water, ice,wind, or gravity

Question 4

Factors affecting soil formation

Answer 4

Topography, time, biota, and parent material

Question 5

Differentiate the differences Bowen the 3 O horizons

Answer 5

Oi, tree leaves, slightly decomposed. Oe, moderately decomposed. Oa highly decomposed

Question 6

Differentiate the 5 soil horizons

Answer 6

O- accumulation of organic matter l at the soil surface. A- surface of mineral soil. E- can be distinguished by the overlying A horizon by its light color. B- site of maximum illumination. C- unconsolidated parent material underlying the A, E, and B horizons

Question 7

What is illuviation and eluvation?

Answer 7

Illuviation is accumulation and eluvation is leaching

Question 8

What are he physical properties of soil

Answer 8

Texture, color, structure, bulk density, and pore space

Question 9

What is soil texture?

Answer 9

Relative proportions of the different size mineral particles in the soil

Question 10

What is pure space?

Answer 10

Portion occupied by air and water

Question 11

Differentiate the three major categories of soil

Answer 11

Gravitational is water that drains through, capillary is water that is retained, and hydroscopic is water that is held strongly

Question 12

What is cohesion?

Answer 12

The ability of water molecules to stick together forming a column of water

Question 13

What is adhesion?

Answer 13

The ability of water molecules to stick to the cellulose in cell walls

Question 14

What is ph?

Answer 14

A measure of soil acidity or h ion concentration

Question 15

Affects of soil acidity on plant growth

Answer 15

Altered nutrient availability, adversely affects root membrane permeability, decreased microbial diversity

Question 16

What is cation exchange capacity?

Answer 16

Capacity of soil to attract and hold positively charged ions to the net negatively charged surface of clay or organic material

Question 17

Differentiate macro and micronutrients.

Answer 17

Macro- plants require greater quantities of nutrients.

Micronutrients- plants require little quantities and aren’t important

Question 18

Examples of macronutrients

Answer 18

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and sodium

Question 19

Examples of micronutrients

Answer 19

Iron, copper, molybdenum, boron

Question 20

Basic building blocks of biological tissues

Answer 20

C, H, and O

Question 21

3 processes of atmospheric deposition.

Answer 21

Wet deposition, dry deposition, and cloud deposition

Question 22

Biological fixation of nitrogen.

Answer 22

Helps availability of ammonium in the soil

Question 23

2 processes in which nutrients incorporated biologically active compounds

Answer 23

Uptake and assimilation

Question 24

Process of mineralization

Answer 24

The release of NH4 during the microbial breakdown of proteins, amino acids, and other N-containing organic compounds

Question 25

How are nutrients lost from the forest ecosystem?

Answer 25

By leaching and denitrification.

Question 26

What is denitrification?

Answer 26

Microbially- meditated reduction of NO3 to nitrous oxide

Question 27

What is leaching?

Answer 27

Physical process by which nutrients exit terrestrial ecosystems in the downward flow of water

Question 28

What is allelopathy?

Answer 28

Specified type of antibiotics between plants

Question 29

Differentiate types of competition

Answer 29

Intraspecific- competition within the same species

Interspecific-competition among species

Question 30

Differentiate between different crown classes

Answer 30

Dominant- trees with crowns extending above the general level of the canopy. Co-dominant- trees with crowns forming the general canopy.
Intermediate- shorter than above canopies
Suppressed- entirely below the general canopy

Question 31

What is succession?

Answer 31

The act of succeeding on coming after another in order or sequence

Question 32

What is sere?

Answer 32

A stage or phases in succession. Typically considered unstable

Question 33

What is climax?

Answer 33

Final stage in succession that is believed to be self replacing or stable

Question 34

What are types of succession?

Answer 34

Primary and secondary

Question 35

Stages of succession?

Answer 35

Stand re initiation, stem exclusion, understory re initiation, and old growth

Question 36

What are examples of direct measures of forest productivity?

Answer 36

Timber production, and multiple resources

Question 37

Examples of indirect measures of forest productivity

Answer 37

Site index, over story tree species, understory species, habitat type, empirical relationships, and ecosystem process models

Question 38

What is site index?

Answer 38

Site quality based on the average height of the dominant and co dominant trees at tree ages

Question 39

What is soil?

Answer 39

Porous medium consisting of minerals, organic matter, water and gases