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Evo Bio Lab > EVO BIO Prelims > Flashcards

EVO BIO Prelims Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A change among species over a long time span with some species dying out and new species emerging

A

Macroevolution

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2
Q

results in smaller, but still noticeable, changes that do not result in the divergence of a new species

A

Microevolution

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3
Q

evolutionary changes occur within a population.

A

microevolution

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4
Q

Evidences of macroevolution (5)

A
  • Paleontology
  • Morphology and Comparative Anatomy
  • Comparative Embryology
  • Comparative Biochemistry
  • Geographical Distribution
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5
Q

provides the strongest evidence of evolution.

A

study of fossils

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6
Q

is the study of ancient life, from dinosaurs to prehistoric plants, mammals, fish, insects, fungi, and even microbes.

A

paleontology

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7
Q

Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes.

A

fossils

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8
Q

Fossil records

A
  • Coral Fossil
  • Homo erectus Skull
  • Megalodon Fossil
  • Dinosaur Fossil
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9
Q

Earliest ancestor of horse with five toes and has the same size of the present day dog. What period?

A

Eohippus / Hyracotherium. Eocene period

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10
Q

The earliest ancestor of horse was replaced by ? In what period

A

Oligocene period, Mesohippus and miohippus

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11
Q

In what period did the horse has a size of pony and had three toes in the fore and three in hind leg

A

Miocene period, merychippus

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12
Q

In the Pliocene the merychippus was replaced by?

A

Pliohippus

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13
Q

In the Pleistocene, merychippus was replaced by?

A

Equus

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14
Q

Equus is?

A

Median toe touched the ground and bore a prominent hoof. Similar to modern day horse

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15
Q

is the study of external form and structure of various organs

A

Morphology

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16
Q

the study of internal structure is called

A

anatomy

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17
Q

Under morphology

A

Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Organs

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18
Q

Homologous structures

A

Limb Structures of Vertebrates

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19
Q

homologous structure

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

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20
Q

are similar in appearance and perform the same function but are developed on a totally different plan

A

analogous structure

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21
Q

Example of analogous structure

A

Wings of bird, bat, fly for flight

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22
Q

analogous structure is an example of what type of evolution

A

convergent evolution

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23
Q

Example of homologous structure

A

The forelimb of a frog, wings of birds, wings of bat and seal, flippers of whale and the arm of man are constructed on the same general plan, but perform different functions.

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24
Q

is the remnant of the caecum that is a large functional structure present at the junction of the small and the large intestine.

A

veriform appendix

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25
Q

It helps in the digestion of cellulose.

A

appendix

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26
Q

What does the structure of vermiform appendix indicates?

A

perhaps the ancestors of man ate only vegetable matter where the caecum played an important role

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27
Q

Over evolution what happened to the appendix.

A

underwent reduction in size and became vestigial.

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28
Q

organs, tissues or cells in a body which are no more functional the way they were in their ancestral form of the trait.

A

Vestigial organs

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29
Q

In snakes what are its vestigial organs

A

tiny hind leg bones and pelvic girdle buried in muscles toward their tail ends

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30
Q

is the study of development of embryo.

A

embryology

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31
Q

Vertebrate embryos begin their development as a single celled

A

zygote

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32
Q

The zygote divides to form a solid ball of cells called

A

morula

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33
Q

morula transforms into a hollow ball

A

blastula

34
Q

The blastula transforms into

A

two or three-layered gastrula

35
Q

organizes to form germ layers.

A

gastrula

36
Q

what does Embryological development reveals

A

unity of plan

37
Q

During development, all vertebrates have

A

notochord and paired pharyngeal pouches/slits.

38
Q

In fish and amphibian larvae, the pouches become

A

gills

39
Q

In humans, the first pair of pouches becomes ____ the second pair becomes___, while third and fourth pairs becomes ___

A

1) cavity of the middle ear and auditory tube
2) tonsils
3) & 4) thymus and parathyroid gland.

40
Q

formulated the ‘recapitulation theory’ or the ‘biogenetic law’.

A

Haeckel

41
Q

The law states as follows – ‘Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’

A

recapitulation theory

42
Q

is the development of the organism starting from the ovum

A

ontogeny

43
Q

is the evolutionary history of the individual.

A

phylogeny

44
Q

According to this law, during the embryonic development of an organism, it recalls its entire evolutionary history.

A

recapitulation theory

45
Q

Almost all living organisms use the same basic biochemical molecules, e.g., DNA, ATP, enzymes

A

comparative biochemistry

46
Q

studies that have shown that many organisms use similar chemicals and genes

A

biochemistry and genetics

47
Q

Similarities in amino acid sequences, DNA codes, etc. can be explained by

A

descent from a common ancestor

48
Q

The study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals is known as

A

biogeography

49
Q

Is geographical distribution continuous or discontinous

A

discontinous distribution

50
Q

This means that animals showing discontinuous distribution

A

are descendants of the extinct population

51
Q

Organisms that radiate to other geographical areas, where new environmental conditions exist, undergo

A

adaptive changes

52
Q

Such an evolutionary process where new species are formed and adapts to new habitats and ways of life

A

adaptive radiation

53
Q

two models with VARYING RATES OF SPECIATION

A

gradual speciation model
punctuated equilibrium model

54
Q

species diverge gradually over time in small steps.

A

gradual speciation model

55
Q

a new species changes quickly from the parent species and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time afterward.

A

punctuated equilibrium model

56
Q

Which of the model has faster tempo

A

punctuated equilibrium model

57
Q

Section of a chromosome that encodes the information to build a protein

A

gene

58
Q

location of gene is called

A

locus

59
Q

Varieties of the information at a particular locus

A

allele

60
Q

every organism has how many alleles

A

two

61
Q

Zygosity

A

Homozygous: Two copies of the same allele at one locus
Heterozygous: Two different alleles at one locus

62
Q

Alleles that dominates, is expressed

A

Dominant allele

63
Q

Will be expressed, while a recessive allele is suppressed

A

recessive alleles

64
Q

The collection of available alleles in a population

A

gene pool

65
Q

Refers to how frequently a particular allele appears in a population.

A

allele frequency

66
Q

Genetic information contained at a locus

A

genotype

67
Q

Appearance of an organism based on from the underlying genotype

A

phenotype

68
Q

A change in the frequency of gene variants, alleles, in a population, typically occurring over a relatively short time period

A

microevolution

69
Q

examples of microevolution

A

mutation
genetic drift
gene flow
natural selection

70
Q

creates new genetic variation in a gene pool

A

mutations

71
Q

true or false? mutations alone have much effect on allele frequencies

A

false

72
Q

true or false? mutations provide the genetic variation needed for other forces of evolution to act.

A

true

73
Q

It occurs when individuals move into or out of a population

A

gene flow

74
Q

involves the movement of genes into or out of a population, due to either the movement of individual organisms or their gametes

A

gene flow

75
Q

Strong agent of evolution

A

gene flow

76
Q

is a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population

A

genetic drift

77
Q

When a small number of parents produce just a few offspring, allele frequencies in the offspring may differ, just by chance

A

genetic drift

78
Q

occurs when a population suddenly gets much smaller. This might happen because of a natural disaster such as a forest fire or disease epidemic.

A

bottleneck effect

79
Q

true or false: in bottleneck effect, allele frequencies of the survivors may be different from those of the original population

A

true

80
Q

occurs when a few individuals start or found a new population

A

founder effect

81
Q

occurs when the environment exerts a pressure on a population so that only some phenotypes survive and reproduce successfully.

A

natural selection

82
Q

Those phenotypes that survive a strong selection event, such as a drought, are a better fit for an environment that suffers drought.

A

darwinian fitness

Evo Bio Lab (5 decks)

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