EVM END OF TERM

Question 1

Earth’s Crust

Answer 1

It floats on the mantle, it forms the surface layer, it is very thin, and it is the most important layer for people. It is made of a variety of rocks, which provides building stone and minerals.

Question 2

Mantle

Answer 2

A thick shell of molten rock. The outer part of the mantle is the source of the magma that reaches the surface of the earth during a volcanic eruption.

Question 3

Core (inner core and outer core

Answer 3

is at the center of the earth, it is hotter than 4000° C.

Question 4

3 types of rocks

Answer 4

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

Question 5

IGNEOUS ROCK

Answer 5

made when liquid magma cools to form solid rock. Formed by fire associated with volcanic activity.

Question 6

Types of Igneous Rock

Answer 6

Granite – which is made of magma.
Basalt – which is made of lava

Question 7

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Answer 7

– formed from sediment (small particles of rocks)
Process:
⦁ Breakdown of existing rocks to smaller rocks (weathering).
⦁ Sediments are transported by water and wind (erosion).
⦁ Sediments accumulate into layer by getting pressurized due to the newer deposits on top of them (compaction). Forming layers is cementation (e.g. limestone, sandstone)

Question 8

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Answer 8

type of rock formed by heat and pressure when igneous / sedimentary rock is heated or pressured it changes it metamorphic rock.

Question 9

What are Mineral?

Answer 9

substances obtained by mining.

Question 10

Mining

Answer 10

Human activity that involves extraction or removal of mineral.

Question 11

Metallic Minerals

Answer 11

⦁ Ferrous minerals – Iron
⦁ Nonferrous minerals – Copper – Tin
⦁ Precious Mineral – Gold & Silver

Question 12

Non-Metallic Minerals

Answer 12

⦁ Minerals for agriculture-phosphorus
⦁ Minerals for energy – coal
⦁ Precious gemstone – diamonds

Question 13

What is mineral reserves

Answer 13

a known source of the mineral which has not been yet mined, the mineral is mined in future when needed.

Question 14

Uses of Rocks and minerals in industrial Processes

Answer 14

Chalk – cement Gravel – concrete
Clay – bricks & pottery Sand – glass

Question 15

IRON VS ALUMINIUM

Answer 15

Iron is a widespread mineral and is considered as the raw material of steel.
Aluminum widely used since it is light and less liable to corrosion but weaker than steel

Question 15

What are the uses of LIMESTONE?

Answer 15

⦁ Making cement (greyish)
⦁ Construction of roads
⦁ Building stone

Question 16

USES OF VARIOUS MINERALS

Answer 16

Uranium → nuclear power
Phosphate → fertilizer
Lead → electricity

Question 17

THERE ARE TWO METHODS SEARCH AND EXTRACTION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS

Answer 17

⦁ Open cast/surface mining
⦁ Deep mining

Question 18

PROCESS FOR SURFACE/OPEN CAST MINING

Answer 18

⦁ Clear vegetation and remove topsoil.
Break the rock by using explosives
⦁ Use the digger to remove loose soil.
⦁ Tip the rock or mineral into truck.

Question 19

DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE/OPEN CAST MINING

Answer 19

⦁ Deforestation
⦁ Air pollution due the dust
⦁ Dynamites would kill animals

Question 20

PROCESS OF DEEP MINING

Answer 20

⦁ Acquire the geographical survey (Geologist)
⦁ Sinking a vertical shaft for ventilation (supply of air)
⦁ Making a horizontal tunnel
⦁ Extracting minerals by digging either by miners or machines
⦁ Extracting the minerals to put it on the moving train moving it up

Question 21

Impact of all types of mining on environment

Answer 21

⦁ Deforestation and wildlife habitats are cleared to make roads.
⦁ Dust and fumes from chimneys causing air pollution.
⦁ Water pollution due to rivers/streams flowing through old mine site.

Question 22

Disadvantages of Deep Mining

Answer 22

⦁ The roof may collapse
⦁ Flooding may occur
⦁ Miners trapped inside because their route is blocked

Question 23

DEEP MINING AND ITS BAD EFFECT

Answer 23

⦁ Usually on miners.
⦁ Suffer from major injuries at work or even death.
⦁ Problems with air supply and a lot of dust cause chest/breathing issues like a disease named silicosis

Question 24

OPEN CAST MINING EFFECTS

Answer 24

⦁ Affects people nearby with air pollution.
⦁ Source of foreign exchange through exportation of minerals
⦁ Source of income for developing countries

Question 25

Positive Impact of Mining

Answer 25

⦁ Source of foreign exchange through exportation of minerals
⦁ Source of income for developing countries
⦁ Job opportunity far better than farming

Question 26

FACTORS DETERMINE EXPLOITATION OF MINERALS

Answer 26

⦁ Depletion Rate- The amount of minerals available for mining
⦁ Location: climate/transport –bad climate/good climate. Transport availability
⦁ Price Fluctuations

Question 27

CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENTS DAMAGED BY MINING

Answer 27

Means land restoration which is broken down into 2:
⦁ Landscaping
⦁ Landfilling

Question 28

WHAT IS LAND RESTORATION?

Answer 28

Restructuring or taking the land back to the way it was before mining

Question 29

Restoration

Answer 29

land is restored to what it was before mining

Question 30

Reclamation

Answer 30

land is given back to farmers and used for farming activities.

Question 30

Landscaping

Answer 30

cover the hole with soil, add fertilizer and plant trees or flowers.

Question 31

Landfilling

Answer 31

cover the hole first with rubbish which will decay and cover with soil

Question 32

⦁ What is sustainability?

Answer 32

Using resources wisely so the future generation will have something to use.

Question 33

⦁ What is unsustainability?

Answer 33

Using resources excessively or wasteful which will prevent the future generation from having any to use.

Question 34

What are fossil fuels?

Answer 34

Type of energy resources from the remains of dead plants and animals formed after millions of years

Question 35

WHAT IS FRACKING?

Answer 35

The process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc. so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas.

Question 36

BOOMS:

Answer 36

floating inflatable tubes prevent slicks from spreading

Question 37

Detergent:

Answer 37

chemicals break up oil into droplet, dispersing larger slicks

Question 38

Skimmer:

Answer 38

A type of device created to absorb oil. It absorbs oil through an absorbent belt and rolls scraping and squeezing the absorbed oil into a collecting tank

Question 39

Double hulled tanks:

Answer 39

double layered tanks in case of collision or grounding

Question 40

Monoculture

Answer 40

a type of farming that involves cultivating a specific type of crop.

Question 41

Mixed Farming

Answer 41

a type of farming that involves of cultivation of crop and rearing of animal in a specific location.