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Evolutionary biology, LEC 141 > Evidence for evolution, lecture 2 > Flashcards

Evidence for evolution, lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Categories of evidence for evolution

7

A
  1. direct experiment
  2. biogeography
  3. fossil record
  4. homology, vestigial structures and homoplasy
  5. embryology
  6. comparative behaviour and biochemistry
  7. hierarchical organisation of life
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2
Q

Example for direct evidence from experiments for evolution

A 
Guppies,
fish that breed quickly 
1 generation per month 
live in pools and streams
Native to South America
intense male competition for females
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3
Q

Guppies

competition between males for females

A

females prefer to mate with males which have more brightly coloured spots

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4
Q

Guppies are an example of

A

direct evidence for evolutionary change over a short timescale

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5
Q

Biogeography

A

Living organisms aren’t as widely distributed as their potential habitats

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6
Q

Why aren’t living organisms aren’t as widely distributed as their potential habitats?
(Biogeography)

A

continental drift

such as Pangaea

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7
Q

Example of similar organisms found on different continents

A

Ratites, 3 way continental split

  • Rheas, South America
  • Emus, Australasia
  • Ostriches, Africa
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8
Q

Oceanic islands

A

Few species, many endemic but resemble mainland species

evolved in isolation

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9
Q

Example of oceanic island

NZ

A

split before mammals evolved

only native mammals are bats and marine mammals: cetaceans and seals

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10
Q

Pangaea

A

250 MYA to Modern Earth

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11
Q

Convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of traits similar to species in separate places

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12
Q

How are island species separated?

A

land masses which were joined by bridges,

bridges disappeared and the continents were cut off

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13
Q

Example of separated islands

A

Madagascar,

endemic lemur, 99 species

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14
Q

Alternative to isolation of species by separation of land masses?

A

island species migrated there then became isolated

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15
Q

The fossil record

A

A direct but fragmentary record of evolution

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16
Q

The fossil record represents organisms which had and live in…

A

which had hard parts

and it is more common in past aquatic environments

17
Q

Process of fossilisation

A
  1. animal/plant dies - soft bits rot away
  2. sediment settles, covers bones, solidifies over time
  3. groundwater dissolves the bone, leaving a cavity/mould
  4. minerals deposited in the mould form a cast
  5. erosion/land movement reveals the fossil millions of years later
18
Q

How can a time to be given to fossils?

A

layers of a known age that the fossils are found in, indicate timeframe of fossils

19
Q

Burgess Shale faunas

A

Canada,
ocean life, 525 - 525 MYA
high degree of preservation
able to construct images

20
Q

Homologous characteristic

A

Similar structures aquired from a common ancestor

21
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Parts of organism which are inherited from an ancestor but have no apparent function currently, poorly developed in some organisms but functional in some

22
Q

Examples of vestigial structures

A

arm hair on humans

hair, chimpanzees

23
Q

Homoplastic characters (analogous characters)

A

Characters which are similar in appearance and function but have separate evolutionary origins

24
Q

Embryology

A

comparison of vertebrate embryos,

similar when developing but different organisms when formed

25
Q

Comparative (social) behaviour

A

The more similar the behaviour, the more closed related organisms may be

26
Q

Biochemistry - the molecular record

5

A
  1. DNA contains a record of evolutionary change
  2. mutations change genes
  3. evolution results from continuous changes in genetic composition
  4. closely related organisms have fewer genetic differences
  5. less closely related organisms have more genetic differences
27
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram which displays the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms or genes from a common ancestor

28
Q

Hierachical organisation of life

7

A
  1. kingdom
  2. phylum
  3. class
  4. order
  5. family
  6. genus
  7. species

Evolutionary biology, LEC 141 (11 decks)

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