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Biology Exam > Evidence for Evolution > Flashcards

Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Homology?

A

shared traits in closely related species. They are similar because they are related.

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2
Q

What are the three types of Homology?

A

Structural, developmental and Genetic Homology!

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3
Q

What is Structural Homology

A

Physical traits such as arms and legs of animals.

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4
Q

What is Developmental Homology?

A

Internal development such as intestines

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5
Q

What is Genetic Homology?

A

the DNA or genetic material of an organism

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6
Q

What is Analogy?

A

Similarities due to Convergent Evolution

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7
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

When two different species have similar characteristics because of the environment they live in. Ex. A bird and a bat both have wings, but they are not related.

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8
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Populations that can’t interbreed. (the ability to produce viable offspring defines a species)

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9
Q

What are 3 problems with the Biological Species Concept?

A

1) Can’t tell from fossils if individuals can mate. der.
2) Asexual species don’t mate: If 2 different species don’t mate, there is speciation.
3) Some populations don’t overlap geographically.

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10
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Finding populations of individuals that LOOK different. “Either having morphological similarities or differences.” Figuring out diff. species by looking at physical traits. NOT DNA or mating.

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11
Q

What is a problem with the Morphological Species Concept?

A

Arbitrary: what traits/morphologies are important because there can be very subtle differences! Ex. A round eyed bat could still interbreed with a almond eyed bat from the same species.

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12
Q

What is Phylogenetic Species Concept?

A

a species that is the smallest monophyletic group in a phylogenetic group in a phylogenetic tree. Ex. looking at and comparing GENES.

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13
Q

What is a Monophyletic Group?

A

An ancestral population of all of it descendants. Looking at just one trait. Monophyletic groups make up the phylogenetic species concepts.

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14
Q

What is a problem with the Monophyletic Group?

A

It is expensive, time consuming and there is not a lot of data.

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15
Q

Ring Species

A

Is the hybridization that occurs between each neighboring species. But where the ring ends, those two species have changed so much there is now speciation. Q: Where do you draw the line?

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16
Q

What are 3 Mechanisms for Speciation?

A

1) Reproductive Isolation
2) Allopatric Speciation
3) Sympatric Speciation

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17
Q

What is Reproductive Isolation?

A

Any barrier that prevents interbreeding, such as Geographic, behavioral or resource use.

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18
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation?

A

Dispersal of speciation after species are isolated from one another= Geographical

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19
Q

What is Sympatric Speciation?

A

Physically the two same species of birds could reproduce but don’t because the female bird doesn’t like the song of the male bird! = Behavioral/ Resource use speciation.

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20
Q

What is Vicariance?

A

The things that get in the way of interbreeding= Canyons or high ways

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21
Q

What is another way to explain Dispersal vs. Vicariance?

A

Migration vs. Geographical boundary. Such as a mountain or high way.

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22
Q

What is the definition of Ecology?

A

The scientific STUDY of the INTERACTIONS that DETERMINE the DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE of organisms.

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23
Q

What is the Hierarchy of biology and ecology?

A

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organisms, population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Global!!!

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24
Q

What are the 5 types of Ecology?

A
  1. Organismal Ecology
  2. Population Ecology
  3. Community Ecology
  4. Ecosystem Ecology
  5. Global Ecology
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25
Q

What is Organismal Ecology?

A

Study of the adaptions that allow an organism to survive in an environment; Morphological, physiological and behavioral.

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26
Q

What is Population Ecology?

A

Seeing why populations increase or decrease and trying to figure out why (within a species)

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27
Q

What is Community Ecology?

A

The interaction of different species in the same place.

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28
Q

What is Ecosystem Ecology?

A

Figuring out how nutrients and energy (abiotic factors) move between organisms and their environment.

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29
Q

What are Abiotic Factors?

A

Anything that isn’t living- weather, rivers etc.

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30
Q

What are Biotic Factors?

A

Living things- how predators affect their prey etc..

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31
Q

What is Global Ecology?

A

Is when organisms and the environment interact on a global level. Ex. Migratory Birds

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32
Q

What does Biotic vs. Abiotic mean?

A

Living vs. Nonliving

33
Q

Some Environmental Factors such as Climate affects what 2 things at different latitudes?

A

Temperature and Moisture

34
Q

Hadley Cell Scenario: 6 Things

A
  1. Warm Air Rises
  2. Warm Air holds more moisture than cold
  3. As Air cools, it drops moisture
  4. Cold Air is forced out by rising warm Air
  5. Cold dry Air SINKS
  6. Dry Air spreads over surface, sucks up moisture and warms
35
Q

What are Seasons caused by?

A

The TILT of the Earth! So the smaller angle between the earth and the sun is a shorter day!

36
Q

What are 2 Regional Effects?

A

Rain Shadows and Bodies of Water

37
Q

What are Rain Shadows?

A

These exist because warm moist air rises, this air has to go up really high over a mountain, but because it gets realllly cold the higher up, the clouds will either release snow or rain, so the other side of that mt. won’t recive any rain!

38
Q

What is the significance of Bodies of Water?

A

They keep the temperature of the earth stable

39
Q

What are Biomes?

A

Ecosystems defined by CLIMATE and SPECIES

40
Q

What is the Tropical Rain forest like?

A

Where the equator is, and it’s hot and wet.

41
Q

Subtropical Dry Forests

A

DESERT

42
Q

Temperate Grassland

A

MIDWEST is BEST! Moderate Temp and low moisture. It varies in weather

43
Q

Temperate Forest

A

Moderate Temperature and more moisture

44
Q

Boreal Forest

A

Taiga; low temp. and low moisture

45
Q

Tundra

A

very low temp and moisture

46
Q

Aquatic Ecosystems: Marine x3

A

Intertidal Zone
Neritic Zone
Oceanic Zone

47
Q

What is the intertidal Zone

A

the place where the tide washes, waves crash

48
Q

What is the Neritic Zone?

A

it is always covered with water. A coral riff, like where finding nemo lives!

49
Q

Oceanic Zone

A

The deepest of Waters! “touch the butt”

50
Q

Photic Zone

A

where photosynthesis can reach- anything above 200 meters

51
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

where no sunlight can reach -anything below 200 meters

52
Q

Benthic Zone

A

Absolute lowest point on the ocean floor

53
Q

Littoral

A

where sun light can still shine all the way to the bottom of lake, often the shore area

54
Q

Limnetic Zones

A

Layer of open water in the middle of a lake or pond where light enters

55
Q

Rivers and Streams: Headwaters vs. Slow rivers

A

Headwaters= fast, cold, lots of oxygen

Slow rivers= slow, warmer and less oxygen

56
Q

Estuaries

A

A mix of salt and fresh water! Where fresh water from a river meets salt water from an ocean!

57
Q

Factors influencing where species are

1. Abiotic factors: non living

A

Light
Temperature
Moisture
Nutrients

58
Q

Factors influencing where species are

2. Biotic Factors: living

A

Competition
Predation
Parasitism

59
Q

Historical Constrains on species distributions

A

Geography

60
Q

Dispersal means?

A

where animals have gone (running out of resources)

61
Q

Vicariance means?

A

IMMIGRATION due to high ways, canyons, mountains

62
Q

Exotic

A

when an organism from a different geographical location doesn’t belong. Ex. Pigeons- shakespeare brought them to america…damn you shakespeare

63
Q

Invasive

A

When an organism takes over an old species- killing them replacing the “native” species

64
Q

What is the definition of a Population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time

65
Q

What is the definition of Life History?

A

Strategies for solving the problems of REPRODUCING and SURVIVING.

66
Q

What is the definition of Demography?

A

Factors that determine the SIZE and STRUCTURE of populations through out time

67
Q

Four factors that Affect Population size?

A

Fecundity
Survivorship
Immigration
Emigration

68
Q

Fecundity

A

Looking at how many female offspring a female has.

69
Q

Age specific fecundity

A

Looking at the specific age at which females are having babies, not super young girls or super old women

70
Q

Survivorship

A

seeing how well an organism lives! Proportion of offspring in a cohort that survive to a given age.

71
Q

Survivorship Curves

A

Will always decrease, they are all going to dieeee!`

72
Q

Immigration

A

Population coming INTO a community

73
Q

Emigration

A

Population LEAVING a community

74
Q

Community Ecology

There are 5 types of specie interactions

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Predation
  3. Parasitism
  4. Competition
  5. Commensalism
75
Q

Mutualism

A

BOTH organisms are benefiting - bee gets nectar and flower gets pollenated

76
Q

Predation

A

LOOSE / WIN - deer gets the snake and the the snake dies!

77
Q

Parasitism

A

Like a Mosquito- we loose blood and then have side effects

78
Q

Competition

A

Both always LOOSE

79
Q

Commensalism

A

One positive, one neutral - the birds eating bugs off a cows back. The bird gets the bug and the cow doesn’t give a shit

Biology Exam (1 decks)

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