Evidence Based Quiz #1 Flashcards

Question

specific aims

Answer 1

stem from purpose each of these specific aims should take the form of a measurable question or a "to" statement -each should represent a logical step toward answering the main study question

Answer 2

``` define the scope/set the boundaries of the study normally under control of the researcher examples -number and kinds of subjects -treatment conditions -tests, measures, instruments used -type of equipment -location, environmental setting -type of training (time and duration) ```

Answer 3

focus on potential weakness of the study | possible shortcomings of the study... usually cannot be controlled by the researcher

Answer 4

while we don't want to assume basic, fundamental conditions that must exist in order for the research to proceed assumptions about -motivation of subjects -whether subjects responded truthfully -validity of the measuring instrument -whether subjects fooolowed directions correctly

Answer 5

characteristic, trait, or attribute of a person or thing that can be classified or measured - attitude - gender - heart rate - hair color

Answer 6

independent -manipulated by researcher dependent -recorded by researcher

Answer 7

aka confounding variable 3rd variable that may affect the relationship between the IV and the DV researcher should control or eliminate EV as much as possible

Answer 8

``` intro/background methods -participants -data collection --step by step --give validity/reliability/references for selected techniques -data processing -data analysis (aka stats) results discussion ```

Answer 9

are the research participants representative of the population of interest are the research participants appropriate for the research question -what are characteristics of participants how many research participants should be used

Answer 10

population - refers to an entire group | sample - a small subgroup of a population of interest thought to be representative of that population

Answer 11

define population first, then | probability vs. non-probability sampling

Answer 12

probability of selecting each participant is known | utilizes "random" processes, but does not guarantee the sample is representative of population

Answer 13

simple random sampling -each person has an equal chance of being selected systematic sampling -after a random start point, every nth person is selected -stratified sampling -simple random samples selected from each of several strata cluster sampling -an area is divided into geographic clusters and some clusters are selected for inclusion

Answer 14

samples are not selected at random -difficult to claim sample is representative of population often utilizes intact groups or volunteers -purposive sampling --researcher selects participants who best meet the purpose of the study -convenience sampling

Answer 15

random selection -enables researcher to generalize results to a larger population random assignment/allocation -enables researcher to assume that groups are "equivalent" at the beginning of the study -has nothing to do with the selection of the sample

Answer 16

certain types of research must have a representative sample -descriptive, epidemiological studies, correlational other research can get away with a less representative sample -experimental studies almost all research uses volunteer participants

Answer 17

are the research participants representative of the population of interest are the research participants appropriate for the research question -what are characteristics of participants how many research participants should be used

Answer 18

sample size doesn't negate/override sampling errors or biases point to consider regarding sample size -nature of the study -number of treatment groups -statistical considerations and variability -practical factors (resources, time)

Answer 19

``` type 1 error -find difference in study that isn't real -limit alpha <0.05 type 2 error -fail to find true difference -set beta at least 80% ```

Answer 20

the degree to which the findings can be inferred to the population of interest or to other populations or settings -the generalizability of the results the validity of findings with the research study/ the technical soundness of a study, particularly concerned with the control of extraneous influences that might effect the outcome

Answer 21

extraneous variables changes over time (e.g. specimen maturation, participant fatigue) -incomplete washout in cross-over treatment learning effect of test-retest designs -instrumentation -selection bias -experimental mortality - loss of participants from comparison groups due to non-random reasons -interactions among factors -difference between controlled lab setting and real-world

Answer 22

hawthorne effect -people act differently when they are being watched placebo -people respond positively to fake treatment John Henry -people are measuring this, so I should try harder rating effect/error (halo effect) -we have an innate preference toward pretty people (can be elite athletes) -they will score better on semi-objective measures experimenter bias -I think A is better than B, so I rank A as better than B

Answer 23

classifies objects in accordance with similarities and differences with respect to some property no hierarchy of scores

Answer 24

type of data that is characterized by the ability to rank order on the basis of an underlying continuum no common unit of measurement

Answer 25

data having equal distances between score units, but having an arbitrary zero point

Answer 26

possess same properties of interval data, but as a true zero point

Answer 27

lowest score - highest score + 1

Answer 28

``` frequency distributions -simple frequency distribution -group frequency distribution graphing techniques -histogram -frequency polygon normal curve -bell-shaped curve -skewed distribution ```

Answer 29

easiest way to organize the data is in a frequency distribution

Answer 30

may be easier to interpret or view the data in a frequency distribution by forming a histogram