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CPH Exam Prep > Evidence-Based Public Health > Flashcards

Evidence-Based Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution

A

The component of epidemiology that describes who gets the disease, where people with the disease are located, and how these aspects of disease change over time.

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2
Q

Population

A

A group of people with a common characteristic in terms of person, place, and time.

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3
Q

Fixed Population

A

Membership in population is based on an event which is permanent.

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4
Q

Transient/dynamic

A

Membership in population is based on a condition that can change.

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5
Q

Mortality

A

Epidemiologic term for death.

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6
Q

Morbidity

A

Epidemiologic term for disease.

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7
Q

Crude Mortality Rate

A

Number of deaths from all causes

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8
Q

Age Specific Mortality Rate

A

Number of deaths from all causes in specific age group

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9
Q

Cause Specific Mortality Rate

A

Number of deaths from a specific cause

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10
Q

Infant

A

Number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age

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11
Q

Disability

A

Umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions

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12
Q

Disease Frequency (How often does the MMD occur in the population?)

A

Quantification of MMD in the population

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13
Q

Disease Distribution (Who/where/changes in occurrence?)

A

Analysis of patterns

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14
Q

Epidemic

A

Outbreak or occurrence of a DDD from a single source, in a group, population, community, or geographical area, in excess of the usual level of expectancy

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15
Q

DDD

A

Death, Disease, Disability

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16
Q

MMD

A

Mortality Morbidity Disability

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17
Q

Endemic

A

The ongoing, usual level of, or constant presence of a DDD within a given population or geographic area

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18
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that is widespread across a country, continent, or a large populace, possibly world wide (HIV)

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19
Q

Three Primary Measures of Association

A

Ratio, Proportion, Rate, Prevalence

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20
Q

Ratio

A

Division of one number by another, numbers don’t have to be related

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21
Q

Proportion

A

Numerator is subset of denominator, often expressed as a percentage

22
Q

Rate

A

Time is an intrinsic part of denominator, term is most misused

23
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of existing cases of disease / Number in total population (at a point or during a period of time)

24
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases (1st occurrence) of disease that develop in a population at risk during a specified time period (time must pass to move from health to disease)

25
Q

Cumulative Incidence (CI)

A

Number of new cases of diseases / Number of candidate population over a specified period of time

Estimates the probability or risk that a person will develop disease during a specified time

Mainly used for fixed populations

26
Q

Candidate population

A

Comprised of people who are at risk of getting the disease

27
Q

Incidence Rate (IR)

A

Number of new cases of disease in candidate population / person time of observation

A true rate because it directly integrates time into the denominator

28
Q

What is it called when incidence decreases but people are living longer with the disease?

A

Increased prevalence

29
Q

What is it called when incidence increases but the duration of living with the disease is short?

A

Decreased prevalence

30
Q

What is it called when incidence decreases but the duration of living with the disease is short?

A

Decreased prevalence

31
Q

RR

A

Relative Risk

Rate in exposed / Rate in unexposed

CI_exp / CI_unexp

Exposed w Disease / (Exposed w Disease + Exposed w No Disease)
/
Unexposed w Disease / (Unexposed w Disease + Unexposed w No Disease)

32
Q

RR = 1.0

A

No association between exposure and disease

33
Q

RR = 2.0

A

Two times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the unexposed

34
Q

RR = 1.6

A

1.6 times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the unexposed or 60% increased risk of disease in the exposed. (1.60 - 1 = .6 = 60%)

35
Q

Odds Ratio

A

The odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.

Exposed with Disease / Exposed with No Disease
/
Unexposed with Disease / Unexposed with No Disease

36
Q

What is most commonly used in case-control studies?

A

Odds ratio

37
Q

What condition must be met in order for the OR to approximate the RR?

A

The disease must be rare

38
Q

Which study design has the highest quality of evidence?

A

Systematic reviews

39
Q

Which three study designs include filtered information?

A

Critically-appraised individual articles [articles synopses], Critically-appraised topics [evidence syntheses], and systematic reviews

40
Q

Which three study designs include unfiltered information?

A

Case-controlled studies, Cohort studies, Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

41
Q

What are the four types of populations when designing a study? (From initial to end)

A

Target, Source, Eligible, Study

42
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

Making assumptions about the individual based on finding at the level of the population

43
Q

Ecological Study

A

An observational study defined by the level at which data are analyzed, namely at the population or group level, rather than individual level.

44
Q

Cross Sectional Study

A

A type of observational study, or descriptive research, that involves analyzing information about a population at a specific point in time. Typically, these studies are used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes and describe characteristics of a population

Population selected without regard to exposure or disease status

CANNOT determine cause and effect

Measure of association = OR

45
Q

Point Prevalence

A

A particular point in time

46
Q

Case-Control Study

A

Disease is rare
Disease has a long induction and latent period
Little is known about the disease
Selection of the cases
Selection of controls

47
Q

Cohort Study

A

Two or more groups of people that are free of disease and that differ according to the extent of exposure (e.g., exposed and unexposed) are compared with respect to disease incidence

Cohort studies are the observational equivalent to experimental studies but the researcher cannot allocate exposure

48
Q

What is the purpose, features, and setting of a Cohort Study?

A

Purpose: study causes, preventions, and treatments for diseases

Key Feature: investigator selects subjects according to their exposure levels and follows them for disease/outcome

Setting: trial not ethical, feasible, or too expensive. Little known about exposure so can evaluate many effects of an exposure. Exposure is rare.

49
Q

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)

A

An experimental study that investigates the role of some “agent” in the prevention or treatment of disease

“agent” = treatment, screening program, intervention

The investigator “controls” the agent

It is because of this “control” that the RCT is considered the “gold standard”

50
Q

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)

A

An experimental study that investigates the role of some “agent” in the prevention or treatment of disease

“agent” = treatment, screening program, intervention

The investigator “controls” the agent

It is because of this “control” that the RCT is considered the “gold standard”

51
Q

How are RCT’s normally conducted?

A
  1. Hypothesis formed
  2. Study subjects recruited based on specific inclusion/exclusion criteria and their informed consent is sought
  3. Subjects are randomly allocated to receive one of the two or more interventions being compared
  4. Study groups are monitored for outcome under study (recurrence of disease, first occurence of disease, etc.)
  5. Rates of the outcomes in the various groups are compared

CPH Exam Prep (2 decks)

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