Evidence-based Practice & Introduction to Quantitative Research

Question 1

What is the accepted definition of EBP?

Answer 1

The integration of the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and the patient’s unique values and circumstances.

Question 2

What are the three key sources of information integrated in Evidence-Based Practice?

Answer 2

1) Clinical expertise and experience
2) Patients’ values, preferences, and circumstances
3) Best available scientific evidence.

Question 3

How did Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) originate, and which fields has it expanded to?

Answer 3

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) originated in medicine as Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) and has since expanded to fields such as nursing, psychology, education, and information services.

Question 4

In Evidence-Based Practice, what does clinical expertise and experience encompass?

Answer 4

Clinical expertise and experience encompass a clinician’s knowledge, skills, and experience, as well as the context and resources available to them.

Question 5

What types of evidence are utilized in the “Best Scientific Evidence” component of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

A)
- Expert opinions and anecdotal experiences
- Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies
- Systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines

B)
- Traditional practices and patient testimonials
- Published literature and research
- Experimental data and case studies

C)
- Systematic reviews, primary research (e.g., randomised controlled trials, cohort studies), and clinical practice guidelines
- Observational studies and expert consensus
- Case studies and expert opinions

D)
- Clinical expertise and patient preferences
- Best available clinical evidence
- All of the above

Answer 5

C) Systematic reviews, primary research (e.g., randomized controlled trials, cohort studies), and clinical practice guidelines

Question 6

What does Standard 1 of the Registered Nurse Standards for Practice require nurses to do to ensure safe and high-quality practice?

A) Focus primarily on personal experiences
B) Access, analyse, and utilise the best available evidence, including research findings
C) Rely solely on traditional methods of care

Answer 6

B) Access, analyse, and utilise the best available evidence, including research findings

Question 7

Why is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) important for registered nurses?

A) It ensures that nursing care is based on the best available evidence, leading to safer and higher-quality patient outcomes

B) It allows nurses to rely exclusively on their intuition

C) It discourages the use of new research findings in clinical practice

Answer 7

A) It ensures that nursing care is based on the best available evidence, leading to safer and higher-quality patient outcomes

Question 8

Name the 5 steps of EBP.

Answer 8

1) Ask
2) Acquire
3) Appraise
4) Apply
5) Assess

Question 9

What is the first step in the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) process?

A) Acquire - Develop the knowledge and skills to find relevant evidence

B) Apply - Interpret the findings and apply them in practice

C) Ask - Formulate a well-defined and answerable clinical question

D) Appraise - Assess the trustworthiness and believability of the evidence

Answer 9

C) Ask - Formulate a well-defined and answerable clinical question

Question 10

Which step of the EBP process involves evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the previous steps and what number step is this?

A) Apply - Interpret the findings and apply them in practice

B) Assess - Evaluate your effectiveness and efficiency in performing steps 1-4

C) Appraise - Assess the trustworthiness and believability of the evidence

D) Acquire - Develop the knowledge and skills to find relevant evidence

Answer 10

B) Assess - Evaluate your effectiveness and efficiency in performing steps 1-4, which is step no. 5

Question 11

In the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) process, which step involves assessing the trustworthiness and believability of the evidence?

A) Acquire - Develop the knowledge and skills to find relevant evidence

B) Appraise - Assess the trustworthiness and believability of the evidence

C) Apply - Interpret the findings and apply them in practice

D) Ask - Formulate a well-defined and answerable clinical question

Answer 11

B) Appraise - Assess the trustworthiness and believability of the evidence

Question 12

Which step in the EBP process is focused on developing the knowledge and skills to find relevant evidence?

A) Ask - Formulate a well-defined and answerable clinical question

B) Appraise - Assess the trustworthiness and believability of the evidence

C) Apply - Interpret the findings and apply them in practice

D) Acquire - Develop the knowledge and skills to find relevant evidence

Answer 12

D) Acquire - Develop the knowledge and skills to find relevant evidence

Question 13

What type of research focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis to provide essential evidence for evidence-based practice in nursing?

A) Qualitative research
B) Quantitative research
C) Experimental research
D) Descriptive research

Answer 13

B) Quantitative research

Question 14

How does quantitative research contribute to evidence-based practice in nursing?

A) By providing anecdotal evidence and case studies

B) By offering numerical data and statistical analysis to guide clinical decisions and enhance patient care

C) By focusing solely on patient narratives and experiences

D) By generating qualitative data that cannot be converted into numbers

Answer 14

B) By offering numerical data and statistical analysis to guide clinical decisions and enhance patient care

Question 15

What are the 4 main types of research in quantitative research?

Answer 15

1) Descriptive
2) Correlational
3) Casual-Comparative / Quasi Experimental
4) Experimental (True Experimentation)

Question 16

What is the primary objective of descriptive research?

A) To establish cause-effect relationships among variables

B) To determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables

C) To examine characteristics of a particular situation or group

D) To test a hypothesis before data collection

Answer 16

C) To examine characteristics of a particular situation or group

Question 17

In descriptive research, when is a hypothesis typically developed?

A) Before data collection begins
B) During the data collection process C) After data collection
D) A hypothesis is not used in descriptive research

Answer 17

C) After data collection

Question 18

What is the primary method used in correlational research?

A) Experimental manipulation of variables
B) Observational research that interprets data, relationships, and variable distributions
C) Precise measurement of variables
D) Random assignment of subjects

Answer 18

B) Observational research that interprets data, relationships, and variable distributions

Question 19

Which type of research seeks to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables without proving cause and effect?

A) Descriptive research
B) Correlational research
C) Experimental research
D) Casual-comparative research

Answer 19

B) Correlational research

Question 20

What is the key characteristic of casual-comparative (quasi-experimental) research?

A) It uses random assignment to determine cause-effect relationships

B) It establishes causality without random assignment

C) It examines characteristics of a specific situation without a hypothesis

D) It is always conducted in a laboratory setting

Answer 20

B) It establishes causality without random assignment

Question 21

What is the primary objective of experimental research (true experimentation)?

A) To establish relationships between variables without proving causality

B) To examine characteristics of a particular situation

C) To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention without random assignment

D) To establish cause-effect relationships among variables

Answer 21

D) To establish cause-effect relationships among variables

Question 22

In which type of research is the effectiveness of an intervention evaluated when randomisation is not feasible?

A) Descriptive research
B) Correlational research
C) Casual-comparative (quasi-experimental) research
D) Experimental research

Answer 22

C) Casual-comparative (quasi-experimental) research

Question 23

Which approach is used in experimental research to determine the effects of an independent variable on dependent variables?

A) Observational data collection
B) Systematic information gathering
C) Random assignment and control of variables
D) Non-randomised control of variables

Answer 23

C) Random assignment and control of variables

Question 24

In experimental research, what effort is made in regard to variables?

A) To manipulate all variables equally
B) To impose control over all variables except the one being studied
C) To allow all variables to change naturally
D) To randomly assign all variables to different groups

Answer 24

B) To impose control over all variables except the one being studied

Question 25

Which research method is often considered a laboratory study but can occur in various settings?

A) Descriptive research
B) Correlational research
C) Casual-comparative (quasi-experimental) research
D) Experimental research

Answer 25

D) Experimental research

Question 26

Quantitative research often involves collecting ___________ data, which can be measured and analysed statistically.

Answer 26

Quantitative research often involves collecting numerical data, which can be measured and analysed statistically.

Question 27

In a randomised controlled trial (RCT), participants are ___________ assigned to either the intervention group or the control group.

Answer 27

In a randomised controlled trial (RCT), participants are randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group.

Question 28

A _____-______ study design involves collecting data at a single point in time to examine the relationships between variables.

Answer 28

A cross-sectional study design involves collecting data at a single point in time to examine the relationships between variables.

Question 29

A ___________ study design tracks participants over a period of time to observe changes and developments in the variables of interest.

Answer 29

A longitudinal study design tracks participants over a period of time to observe changes and developments in the variables of interest.

Question 30

In a _____-______ study, researchers start with participants who have ______ _____ (cases) and compare them to those without the outcome (controls) to identify ______ _____ that may have contributed to the development of the outcome.

Answer 30

In a case-control study, researchers start with participants who have the outcome (cases) and compare them to those without the outcome (controls) to identify risk factors that may have contributed to the development of the outcome.

Question 31

In a _____-______ study, data is collected at a single point in time to examine the relationship between variables. This type of study is useful for ______ _____ but does not provide information about ___________ or changes over time.

Answer 31

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected at a single point in time to examine the relationship between variables. This type of study is useful for assessing prevalence but does not provide information about causality or changes over time.