Evidence Based Medicine

Question 1

Evidence based medicine

Answer 1

the conscientious, explicit, judicious use of current best available evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.

Question 2

three components of the EBM triad

Answer 2

individual clinical expertise; best available external evidence from systematic
research; A patient’s values and expectations

Question 3

Provide the name of the individual who first used the phrase “evidence-based” and launched the modern “guidelines” movement

Answer 3

David Eddy

Question 4

Provide the name of the individual who provided the modern definition of evidence based medicine

Answer 4

David Sackett

Question 5

Identify two medical practice “disasters” that moved practice from opinion-based to evidence-based

Answer 5

Thalidomine causing phocomelia and the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) where drugs actually increased mortality

Question 6

Identify the four components of the PICO acronym for forming answerable clinical questions

Answer 6

Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome

Question 7

Patient portion of PICO

Answer 7

identify the patient or problem or population; Describe either the patient’s chief complaint or generalize the patient’s condition to a larger population

Question 8

Intervention portion of PICO

Answer 8

identify what you plan to do for your specific patient

Question 9

Comparison portion of PICO

Answer 9

the main alternative you are considering for your patient: should be specific and should be limited to one alternative choice

Question 10

Outcome portion of PICO

Answer 10

specifies what you plan to

accomplish, improve, or affect; it should be measurable

Question 11

systematic reviews

Answer 11

Focus on a clinical topic and answer a specific question

Question 12

meta-analysis

Answer 12

thoroughly examines a number of

valid studies on a topic. results are reported as if they were derived from large study

Question 13

randomized controlled trials

Answer 13

carefully planned experiments that
introduce a treatment or exposure to study its effect on real patients; use methods to reduce bias; allows comparison between
intervention and control groups; can provide sound evidence of cause and effect; gold standard

Question 14

cohort studies

Answer 14

identify a group of patients who are
already taking a particular treatment, have an
exposure, or a disease, follow them forward over time, and then compare their outcomes with a similar group that has not been affected by the treatment or exposure or disease being studied; observational and not as reliable as RCTs

Question 15

case-control studies

Answer 15

studies in which patients who already
have a specific condition are compared with people who do not have the condition; researcher looks back to identify factors or
exposures that might be associated with the illness; less reliable than RCTs and cohort studies

Question 16

case reports

Answer 16

detailed report of the diagnosis,

treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient and also contains demographic data such as age, gender, and ethnicity

Question 17

case series

Answer 17

series of case reports involving

patients who were given similar treatment, and containing pertinent demographic and therapeutic data

Question 18

broad definition for “levels of evidence”

Answer 18

arranged in a ranking
system used in evidence-based practices to describe the strength of the results measured in a clinical trial or research study

Question 19

Identify four issues that should be appreciated when considering the topic of evidence based medicine

Answer 19

Access to Information; Value of Clinical Guidelines; Sales Representatives; Quality of evidence in the first place