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CPH > Evidence Based-Approaches: Concepts of Biostatistics > Flashcards

Evidence Based-Approaches: Concepts of Biostatistics Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Process of describing data; taking raw data and providing summarizing info or depicting data through figures

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2
Q

Sample

A

Small subset of a population

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3
Q

Population

A

The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about

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4
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Builds on descriptive statistics and allows researchers to draw conclusions based on info collected from the sample

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5
Q

Variables

A

Characteristics that is of most interest of the subjects

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6
Q

Statistic

A

A summarizing characteristic of sample’s variable

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7
Q

Parameters

A

Summary attributes of a population

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8
Q

Nominal Variables

A

Categories of the variable that have no order

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9
Q

Dichotomous Variables

A

Variables that have only 2 possible variables

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10
Q

Ordinal Variables

A

Categories of the variables that have an inherent order

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11
Q

Continuous Variables

A

Variables that can take any value between a min and max value

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12
Q

Interval Variables

A

Variables that have a distinct order and clearly defined intervals; lack a true 0. Also fails to reveal ratios of amounts.

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13
Q

Ratio Variables

A

Variables that have a distinct order and clearly defined intervals; have a true 0. Variables act as true ratios of one another

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14
Q

Frequency Tables

A

Used for nominal and ordinal data. Give information on frequency, relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency.

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15
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Gives single values that describe the entire data for continuous variables

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16
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of the data. The sum of total values divided by the number of data values

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17
Q

Median

A

Middle value of the data set

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18
Q

Mode

A

Most common value of the data set

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19
Q

Measures of Variability

A

Provides information on the spread of the data set

20
Q

Variance

A

Standard deviation squared

21
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

22
Q

25% Quartile

A

Value between the median and lowest value

23
Q

75% Quartile

A

Value between the median and highest value

24
Q

Interquartile Range

A

75% Quartile -25% Quartile

25
Q

Range

A

Spectrum of values between highest and lowest value

26
Q

Probability

A

The numerical value applied to the likelihood for the occurrence of an event. All are proportions and range between 0 and 1.

27
Q

Conditional Probability

A

Assessing the probability of a characteristic given another characteristic

28
Q

Indepedence

A

A circumstance when the probability of one event does not have an impact on the probability of another event.

29
Q

Binomial Distribution

A

Model of the distribution of a dichotomous outcome variable

30
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Gaussian Distribution; model of the distribution of a continuous outcome variable

31
Q

Parametric Tests

A

Tests that depend on assumptions about the underlying distribution

32
Q

Normal Distribution Key Characteristics

A
  • mean, mode and median are all the same and located in the center of the distribution
  • distribution is symmetric and not skewed
  • theoretical range extends horizontally from positive infinity to negative infinity
  • Only 2 parameters are necessary to describe a normal distribution: standard deviation and mean
  • area under the curve is exactly 1
33
Q

Central Limit Theorem

A

With repeated sampling, the individual mean calculations of samples form a normal distribution

34
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Precise Statement; H0

35
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

More ambiguous statements that rivals the null hypothesis

36
Q

P-values

A

Probability values that measure the likelihood of obtaining the observed statistic or more extreme values when the null hypothesis is true

37
Q

Level of Significance

A

Alpha; Benchmark for rejection

38
Q

One-sided Test

A

Sample deviating from the null hypothesis conditions in one specific direction

39
Q

Two-sided Test

A

Does not specify directionality of sample

40
Q

Reject the Null Hypothesis

A

Less than alpha

41
Q

Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis

A

Greater than alpha

42
Q

One Sample Z-Tests

A

Form of hypothesis testing that is performed on a continuous response variable.

43
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

Number of observations - x

44
Q

Type I Error

A

Rejecting a true null hypothesis

45
Q

Type II Error

A

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (what researchers prefer)

CPH (2 decks)

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