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Advanced Higher Physics > EVERYTHINGGGGGG! > Flashcards

EVERYTHINGGGGGG! Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Differentiate

A

x by power -1 from power

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2
Q

Integrate

A

+1 to the power / by power (+c)

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3
Q

Straight line Motion

A

v=ds/dt
a=dv/dt=d²s/dt²

Constant Acceleration only
v=u+at
s=ut+1/2at²
v²=u²+2as

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4
Q

v—-a

A

differentiate

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5
Q

s—-v

A

differentiate

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6
Q

a—-v

A

integrate (+c)

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7
Q

v—-s

A

integrate (+c)

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8
Q

ω

A

angular velocity (rad s⁻¹)

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9
Q

α

A

angular acceleration (rad s⁻²)

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10
Q

difference between linear and angular velocity equations

A

s swapped for θ

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11
Q

f

A

frequency = no of rotations per second (hz)

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12
Q

Equations for centripetal motion

A

aᵣ= v²/r=rω²

F=mv²/r=mrω²

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13
Q

aᵣ

A

centripetal acceleration

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14
Q

when t=0

A

v=x so c=x

s=0 so c=0

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15
Q

In what direction does Centripetal force act

A

towards the centre of the circle

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16
Q

why would a spinning objects angle decrease when speed decreases

A

tension (horizontal component) decreases and weight (vertical component) remains constant so angle decreases

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17
Q

calc θ of string

A

Triangle (tension=x, weight=y, Tanx=x/y)

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18
Q

Find rad from deg

A

x by 57.3

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19
Q

θ

A

Angular Displacement

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20
Q

what does centripetal force result in?

A

centripetal acceleration of the object

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21
Q

aᵣ

A

centripetal acceleration

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22
Q

what does an unbalanced torque result in?

A

a change in the angular (rotational)

motion of an object.

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23
Q

MOI

A

a measure of an objects resistance to angular
acceleration about a given axis.

formula include I=xmr²

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24
Q

Angular Momentum

A

L=Iω

L=mvr=mr²ω

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25
Q

Conservation of Angular momentum

A

Eₚ=Eₖ₍ₜᵣₐₙₛₗₐₜᵢₒₙₐₗ₎+Eₖ₍ᵣₒₜₐₜᵢₒₙₐₗ₎

Eₖ=1/2Iω²

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26
Q

gravitational field strength is?

A

gravitational force acting on a unit mass.

W=mg rearranged to g=W/m

(W=mg can also be substituted into F=GMm/r² to find gfs)

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27
Q

Gravitational Force

A

F=GMm/r²=mv²/r=mr²ω=mr(2π/T)²

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28
Q

hoops and rings equation

A

point mass

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29
Q

Gravitational potential is

A

the work done in moving

unit mass from infinity to that point

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30
Q

V=

A

Grav potential

Voltage

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31
Q

escape velocity is

A

the minimum velocity required to allow a mass to
escape a gravitational field to infinity, where the mass achieves zero kinetic energy and
maximum (zero) potential energy.

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32
Q

Difference between General and Special relativity

A

special relativity deals with motion in inertial (non-accelerating) frames
of reference and that general relativity deals with motion in non-inertial (accelerating)
frames of reference

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33
Q

State the equivalence principle

A

it is not possible to distinguish between the

effects on an observer of a uniform gravitational field and of a constant acceleration

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34
Q

What is spacetime?

A

a unified representation of three dimensions of space

and one dimension of time

35
Q

What leads to the interpretation that mass curves

spacetime, and that gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime

A

General relativity

36
Q

escape velocity from the event horizon of a black hole is equal to

A

the speed of light

37
Q

where does time appear to be frozen

A

at the event horizon of a black hole

38
Q

What is the Schwarzschild radius

A

distance from its centre

(singularity) to its event horizon

39
Q

Photon energy and frequency

A

E=hf

40
Q

n=

A

principle quantum number and refractive index

41
Q

what proves that light behaves like a wave

A

(double slit experiment)

42
Q

Tell me about waves

A

Waves transfer energy.

Wave energy is dependent on the amplitude
of the wave.

Intensity ∝ (amplitude)², where wave
intensity is power per unit area.

Energy transfer is not affected by wave
frequency

43
Q

As temperature

increases

A

intensity increases at
every wavelength.

Peak wavelength (λmax)
reduces.
44
Q

Assumptions made in the Bohr model

A

electrons can
orbit in specific stable orbits
without emitting radiation.

The angular momentum of
electrons is quantised. i.e. Angular
momentum can only take values
that are integer multiples of h/2π.

45
Q

Centripetal force can be equated to what?

e.g. Derive an equation for the kinetic energy of an electron?

A

electrostatic force or mag flux density

46
Q

Electrostatic force (coulombs law)

A

F=Q₁Q₂/4πε₀r²

47
Q

State Heisenburg’s uncertainty principle

A

It is not possible to know the
position and momentum of a
quantum particle simultaneously
(even in theory).

48
Q

what proves that light behaves like a particle

A

Photoelectric effect

49
Q

What is the De Broglie interpretation of the double slit experiment?

A

the electron goes through both slits
simultaneously as its wavelength is
bigger than the slit separation

50
Q

What did De Brogli realise about particles

A 
when a
particle shows wavelike properties, its
wavelength (de Broglie wavelength) is
inversely proportional to its
momentum

λ=h/p

51
Q

Not Heisenburg’s principle?

A

it is not possible to know the lifetime of a quantum particle and the
associated energy change simultaneously

52
Q

quantum particle uncertainties

A

ΔxΔpₓ > or equal to h/4π

ΔEΔt > or equal to h/4π

53
Q

lifetime of quantum particle

A

consider it an uncertainty in time

54
Q

B=

A

Magnetude of a magnetic field (magnetic induction or magnetic flux density)

Measured in T (Tesla)

55
Q

Define SHM

A

Displacement is proportional to and in the opposite direction to the acceleration (think of a pendulum)

56
Q

Show that y=Acosωt is consistent with SHM

A

double differentiate (gets acceleration)

Substitute y in

Explain how its consistent (compare to a=-ω²y)

57
Q

Talk about damping

A

Underdamping: Moves quickly towards the equilibrium but continues to
oscillate

Overdamping: Moves slowly towards the equilibrium and does not oscillate

Critical damping: Moves as quickly as possible towards the equilibrium and does
not oscillate

58
Q

What do all SHM formulae have in them (excluding angular frequency ω=2πf=2π/T formulae)

A

y

59
Q

A=

A 
Amplitude
Surface area (in square meters - star stuff)
60
Q

energy transferred by a

wave and its amplitude

A

E=kA²

61
Q

wave motion, phase

difference and phase angle

A

y=Asin2π(ft-x/λ)

Φ=2πx/λ

62
Q

How are stationary waves formed?

A

by the interference of two waves, of the same
frequency and amplitude, travelling in opposite directions. A stationary wave can be
described in terms of nodes and antinodes

63
Q

Φ=

A

Phase difference (seperation of 2 points on a wave as a fraction of the λ) (the x co-ordinate in π’s)

64
Q

L=

A

Angular momentum (N C-1)

Luminosity (in star stuff)

Inductance (H)

65
Q

b=

A

Apparent brightness (in star stuff)

66
Q

What are Farads a unit of?

A

Capacitance

67
Q

Electric field strength

A

E=F/Q or F=QE

68
Q

E=

A

Energy

Electric Field Strength

69
Q

Define Electric Field Strength

A

EFS is the electrical force acting on unit POSITIVE charge at a given point

70
Q

How is a Stationary wave formed

A

By constructive interference of two waves of the same frequency and amplitude travelling in opposite directions

71
Q

Coherence?

A

Constant phase relationship

Same frequency, wavelength and speed

72
Q

Constructive interference and Destructive

A

Two coherent waves of equal amplitude meet in phase to form a wave of twice the amplitude

Two coherent waves of equal amplitude meet out of phase they combine to form a wave of 0 amplitude

73
Q

Div of Amp and Wavelength

A

Interference of light produced by thin oil films, coated camera lenses and thin wedge interference

Interference caused by youngs double slit

74
Q

Brewsters angle

A

Angle of incidence that causes reflected light to be fully plane polarised

When there is a 90 degree angle between the reflected angle and refracted rays

75
Q

Plane polarised wave

A

When the electric field oscillations occur in only one plane

76
Q

Which one is bigger in interference D or d

A

D

77
Q

I=

A

Moment of Inertia (kg m2)

Current (A)

78
Q

l=

A

Length (m)

79
Q

Force acting on a wire

A

F=IlBsinθ

80
Q

We get given a mass and not B

A

Use W=mg

81
Q

Derive Escape velocity

A

Ek-Ep=0

1/2mv2-GMm/r=0

Rearrange

82
Q

What path does light (or a freely moving object) take

A

A geodesic path (the shortest possible route)

83
Q

What assumption do we make using Luminosity, Apparent Brightness and other stellar formulae

A

That the star behaves as a black body

84
Q

State the principal of quantum tunnelling

A

a quantum particle can exist in a position that, according to classical physics, it has insufficient energy to occupy.

Advanced Higher Physics (2 decks)

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